• 17Apr

    On April 5, 2012 President Obama signed the JOBS Act into law.  In my excitement over this ground-breaking new law, I have been zealously blogging about the Crowdfunding portion of the JOBS Act.  However, the JOBS Act impacts securities laws in many additional ways.  The following is a summary of the many ways the JOBS Act will amend current securities regulations, all in ways to support small businesses.

    A.       The New “Emerging Growth Company” Category

    The JOBS Act will create a new category of companies defined as “Emerging Growth Companies” (EGC).  An EGC will be defined as a company with annual gross revenues of less than $1 billion, that has been public and reporting for a minimum of five years and whose non-affiliated public float is valued at less than $700 million.  EGC’s will have reduced requirements associated with initial public offerings (IPO’s) and ongoing reporting requirements.  For many purposes, EGC’s will be allowed to use the less stringent reporting requirements now available for small public companies, defined as those with less than $75 million in revenues.

    In particular, (i) EGC’s will only need to provide two years of audited financial statements instead of the now required three years; (ii) EGC’s can report executive compensation as a small business and will not be required to obtain shareholder approval for executive officer compensation; (iii) no internal control over financial reporting audit requirements; (iv) relief from compliance with new US GAAP accounting requirements; (v) confidential treatment of IPO filing documents until just 21 days prior to commencing a road show; (vi) elimination of restrictions on publishing analyst research and communications while IPO’s are underway.

    B.        Amendments to Regulation A

    The JOBS Act will increase the offering limit under Regulation A from $5million to $50 million and allow solicitation in association with a Regulation A offering.  A Regulation A offering involves the filing of a short form registration statement with the SEC, results in freely tradeable (unrestricted securities), but does not result in public reporting requirements.  That is, companies will now be able to use Regulation A to complete large private offerings, and then investors in the Regulation A offering will immediately be able to sell or transfer their interests using private company market places (PCMP’s).  A new public/private trading platform if you will.

    And – my favorite:

    C.        Crowdfunding

    The following is a summary of the new crowdfunding rules:

    (i)            Issuers are limited to raising no more than $1 million in any 12 month period (like the current Rule 504 exemption)

    (ii)           Each investor is limited to the greater of $2,000 or 5% of their annual income if such income is $100,000 or less; or $100,000 or 10% of annual income for investors with an annual income in excess of $100,000

    (iii)          Issuers must file a report with the SEC and provide investors with the report disclosing (a) financial statements (unaudited for offerings less than $500,000 and audited for over $500,000); (b) business description; (c) intended use of proceeds; (d) offering amount and term of offering; (e) pricing and method used to determine pricing; (f) management and bios of same; and (g) current ownership/capitalization

    (iv)         Issuers will be required to file limited annual financial statements for a period after the offering;

    (v)          offerings will need to be conducted through licensed intermediaries; intermediaries do not need to licensed broker dealers but will be required to be members of an SRO such as the new Crowdfund Intermediary Regulatory Association (CFIRA)

    (vi)         advertising will be allowed in a limited fashion such as a tombstone ad directing investors to the licensed intermediary;

    (vii)        securities sold will be subject to holding periods and resale restrictions

    (viii)       only available to U.S. organized entities;

    (ix)         only available to non-reporting entities;

    (x)          pre-empts state law such as Rule 506 does now;

    The Author

    Attorney Laura Anthony,
    Founding Partner, Legal & Compliance, LLC
    Securities, Reverse Mergers, Corporate Transactions

    Securities attorney Laura Anthony provides ongoing corporate counsel to small and mid-size public Companies as well as private Companies intending to go public on the Over the Counter Bulletin Board (OTCBB), now known as the OTCQB. For more than a decade Ms. Anthony has dedicated her securities law practice towards being “the big firm alternative.” Clients receive fast and efficient cutting-edge legal service without the inherent delays and unnecessary expense of “partner-heavy” securities law firms.

    Ms. Anthony’s focus includes but is not limited to compliance with the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, (”Exchange Act”) including Forms 10-Q, 10-K and 8-K and the proxy requirements of Section 14. In addition, Ms. Anthony prepares private placement memorandums, registration statements under both the Exchange Act and Securities Act of 1933, as amended (”Securities Act”). Moreover, Ms. Anthony represents both target and acquiring companies in reverse mergers and forward mergers, including preparation of deal documents such as Merger Agreements, Stock Purchase Agreements, Asset Purchase Agreements and Reorganization Agreements. Ms. Anthony prepares the necessary documentation and assists in completing the requirements of the Exchange Act, state law and FINRA for corporate changes such as name changes, reverse and forward splits and change of domicile.

    Contact Legal & Compliance LLC for a free initial consultation or second opinion on an existing matter.

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  • 16Apr

    On April 5, 2012 President Obama signed the JOBS Act into law.  In accordance with the JOBS Act requirement that all crowdfunding platforms (i.e. websites and intermediaries)  be a member of a national securities association, the new self regulatory organization (SRO), The Crowdfunding Intermediary Regulatory Association (CFIRA) has already been formed.   The CFIRA will be charged with ensuring investor protection and market integrity.  The CFIRA will have members from crowdfunding investor intermediaries as well as related industries such as venture capital firms.  In addition to regulating its members, the CFIRA will provide investors with information such as learning about crowdfunding and its risks.

    Opportunity For All Americans

    Crowdfunding provides an opportunity for all Americans, whether accredited or not, and whether connected with an elite investment banking firm or not, to invest small amounts of money in small businesses that they know or just believe in.  Small businesses provide jobs and sometimes small businesses become big businesses.  For the first time in history average Americans will have an opportunity to invest in these businesses at the ground level.  The crowdfunding bill accomplishes this goal in two ways.  First it creates a legal exemption to allow small investors to invest small amounts of money in businesses without first requiring registration with the SEC.  Second, it allows small businesses to advertise for these investors, through CFIRA member intermediaries, where before such advertisement was strictly prohibited.

    In addition to providing investors with the opportunity to invest on the ground floor level of businesses, the bill provides small businesses with access to capital, and access to capital means the ability to hire employees.

    SEC to Structure New Regulations

    The crowdfunding bill gives the SEC nine months to structure the new regulations.  The CFIRA will work closely with the SEC to accomplish this goal.  It is anticipated that the new regulatory framework will, at the least provide for (i) a method to test an investors understanding of the investment and risk; (ii) basic background on the Issuers including criminal checks; (iii) adequate disclosure on the investment; (iv) confidentiality regarding information provided by investors, including financial information; (v) centralized reporting by both issuers and investors to ensure that the statutory dollar limits are not exceeded; and (vi) set forth regulations for the operations of the intermediaries, including professional conduct and rules of fair play.

    From a more specific legal standpoint, the new regulations will:

    • Create a new exemption under Regulation D allowing for the private placement of securities to unaccredited investors through crowdfunding intermediary websites;
    • Allow for the public advertising and promotion of private securities offerings;
    • Expand the number of private shareholders from 500 to 2,000 before mandatory SEC reporting;
    • Provide regulations to support private company market places (PCM’s)

    The Author

    Attorney Laura Anthony,
    Founding Partner, Legal & Compliance, LLC
    Securities, Reverse Mergers, Corporate Transactions

    Securities attorney Laura Anthony provides ongoing corporate counsel to small and mid-size public Companies as well as private Companies intending to go public on the Over the Counter Bulletin Board (OTCBB), now known as the OTCQB. For more than a decade Ms. Anthony has dedicated her securities law practice towards being “the big firm alternative.” Clients receive fast and efficient cutting-edge legal service without the inherent delays and unnecessary expense of “partner-heavy” securities law firms.

    Ms. Anthony’s focus includes but is not limited to compliance with the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, (”Exchange Act”) including Forms 10-Q, 10-K and 8-K and the proxy requirements of Section 14. In addition, Ms. Anthony prepares private placement memorandums, registration statements under both the Exchange Act and Securities Act of 1933, as amended (”Securities Act”). Moreover, Ms. Anthony represents both target and acquiring companies in reverse mergers and forward mergers, including preparation of deal documents such as Merger Agreements, Stock Purchase Agreements, Asset Purchase Agreements and Reorganization Agreements. Ms. Anthony prepares the necessary documentation and assists in completing the requirements of the Exchange Act, state law and FINRA for corporate changes such as name changes, reverse and forward splits and change of domicile.

    Contact Legal & Compliance LLC for a free initial consultation or second opinion on an existing matter.

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  • 16Apr

    As I recently blogged, the President has signed the Jobs Act including the much anticipated Crowdfunding bill.  Crowdfunding is a process whereby companies will be able to raise small amounts of money either directly off their own website or using intermediaries set up for the purpose.  The Securities Act of 1933, as amended, (Securities Act) prohibits the sale or delivery of any security unless such security is either registered or exempt from registration.  Crowdfunding will be an exemption from registration.  The exemption will likely be codified as a new and separate exemption likely under Regulation D and will include an overhaul of the current general provisions of Regulation D found in Rules 501-503.

    Crowdfunding Exemption Possibilities

    The exemption will likely be limited to $1 million in any twelve (12) month period, or up to $2 million if the company provides certain financial disclosure such as audited financial statements.  As proposed, each investor will be limited $10,000 or 10% of their annual income, whichever is less.  As crowdfunding is structured as an exemption, the Issuer remains private until, when and if, it embarks on a going public transaction, such as filing a registration statement on its existing shareholders, completing an IPO, competing a reverse merger, etc..

    In addition to creating regulations for the raising of the funds, a new self regulatory organization (SRO) is being formed to regulate and oversee the intermediaries and portals which will serve the crowdfunding needs.  The new SRO is The Crowdfunding Intermediary Regulatory Association (CFIRA) and its formation is underway.  The CFIRA will be charged with ensuring investor protection and market integrity.  The CFIRA will have members from crowdfunding investor intermediaries as well as related industries such as venture capital firms.  In addition to regulating its members, the CFIRA will provide investors with information such as learning about crowdfunding and its risks.

    CAPS Program

    A new program initiative is also underway with the goal of educating and protecting investors, crowdfunding intermediaries and Issuers.  This program is the Crowdfunding Accreditation for Platform Standards (CAPS).  The CAPS program will, hopefully, provide funding and capital to assist in this new securities sector.  It will review the industry and provide feedback and qualification criteria.

    There is so much information already available on this exciting new securities sector.  I feel as if I’m in school again, and I’ll share the knowledge as I go.

    The Author

    Attorney Laura Anthony,
    Founding Partner, Legal & Compliance, LLC
    Securities, Reverse Mergers, Corporate Transactions

    Securities attorney Laura Anthony provides ongoing corporate counsel to small and mid-size public Companies as well as private Companies intending to go public on the Over the Counter Bulletin Board (OTCBB), now known as the OTCQB. For more than a decade Ms. Anthony has dedicated her securities law practice towards being “the big firm alternative.” Clients receive fast and efficient cutting-edge legal service without the inherent delays and unnecessary expense of “partner-heavy” securities law firms.

    Ms. Anthony’s focus includes but is not limited to compliance with the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, (”Exchange Act”) including Forms 10-Q, 10-K and 8-K and the proxy requirements of Section 14. In addition, Ms. Anthony prepares private placement memorandums, registration statements under both the Exchange Act and Securities Act of 1933, as amended (”Securities Act”). Moreover, Ms. Anthony represents both target and acquiring companies in reverse mergers and forward mergers, including preparation of deal documents such as Merger Agreements, Stock Purchase Agreements, Asset Purchase Agreements and Reorganization Agreements. Ms. Anthony prepares the necessary documentation and assists in completing the requirements of the Exchange Act, state law and FINRA for corporate changes such as name changes, reverse and forward splits and change of domicile.

    Contact Legal & Compliance LLC for a free initial consultation or second opinion on an existing matter.

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  • 16Apr

    I’ve been practicing securities law for 19 years this year (phew!) and for the first time in my career I am excited about changes, big changes, on the horizon for small businesses.  I’m talking about the JOBS Act and its ground breaking crowdfunding bill which has now been signed into law.

    A Whole New Exemption

    Over the years I have consistently received calls from potential clients that wish to use the exemptions provided for in Regulation D to raise money for small or start up ventures.  Many of these individuals believe, mistakenly, that Regulation D provides them with a method to raise money.  It does not.  Regulation D only lays out rules to follow to utilize an exemption from the registration requirements in the Securities Act of 1933.  These rules include such items as limitations on the dollar amount raised; who you can raise money from, how you can raise money, prohibitions on advertising and solicitation, disclosure documents required, etc…  All of these rules are necessary and serve a function, but the rules do not provide any insight on how to actually go about raising the money.  For the first time in history, or at least my history, the government may fashion a system that not only sets out an exemption from registration, but provides the “how to raise the money” aspect as well.

    Ok, so the JOBS Act doesn’t result in “pick your check up here” but it will allow entrepreneurs, innovators, job creators, and the world of small business to access capital markets in a way never before possible.  The crowdfunding bill provides for SEC regulations that will allow companies to utilize the internet to raise funds from a large number of smaller investors.  The bill removes SEC regulations prohibiting advertising and solicitation for private placements.

    In short, companies will be able to raise small amounts of money either directly off their own website or using intermediaries set up for the purpose.  The exemption will likely be codified as a new and separate exemption under Regulation D and will include an overhaul of the current general provisions of Regulation D found in Rules 501-503.  The exemption will be limited to $1 million in any twelve (12) month period.

    Crowdfunding Exemption

    The exemption is really designed for start-ups and smaller companies that need seed capital.  Since the amount raised is per twelve months, companies need to plan accordingly.  Moreover, since a Company could end up with a couple hundred shareholders to raise $1mill, they will likely need a transfer agent to maintain shareholder records.   At a couple hundred shareholders per round of financing, this is not a route that a company will want to tap more than once or twice.  If a Company will need $30 mil in the next 2-4 years, crowdfunding is not viable, but if they need $2 mil in the same time frame, it is a workable option.

    Attorneys for crowdfunding clients should make sure that the insiders maintain shareholder voting control under their state of incorporation to avoid problems getting shareholder approval for future financings or going public transactions.  Attorneys should carefully discuss future plans with their clients.  It is uncertain how venture capital firms, investment bankers and wall street in general will respond to companies that start off with a large shareholder base.  There will definitely be a learning curve, so companies that foresee the need to go the traditional IPO or wall street route within a few years should be cautious.  That doesn’t mean that they shouldn’t partake in the crowdfunding though.  I firmly believe that the markets will quickly adjust and find ways to move these companies up the food chain, where the product, revenues and interest exist.

    Other than this brief statement, I will not devote time in this blog to the naysayers because I see too much positive potential and too much of a serious need for this bill to dilute with the negative.   The naysayers are concerned that the changes open the door to additional fraud and scams in the investment world.  There has always been and will likely always be financial crimes committed by the unscrupulous, and opportunistic fraudsters will always find a way to commit their crimes using our capital markets.   Part of progress is dealing with that reality, not ceasing progression.

    I’ll discuss more on that in the next blog.

    The Author

    Attorney Laura Anthony,
    Founding Partner, Legal & Compliance, LLC
    Securities, Reverse Mergers, Corporate Transactions

    Securities attorney Laura Anthony provides ongoing corporate counsel to small and mid-size public Companies as well as private Companies intending to go public on the Over the Counter Bulletin Board (OTCBB), now known as the OTCQB. For more than a decade Ms. Anthony has dedicated her securities law practice towards being “the big firm alternative.” Clients receive fast and efficient cutting-edge legal service without the inherent delays and unnecessary expense of “partner-heavy” securities law firms.

    Ms. Anthony’s focus includes but is not limited to compliance with the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, (”Exchange Act”) including Forms 10-Q, 10-K and 8-K and the proxy requirements of Section 14. In addition, Ms. Anthony prepares private placement memorandums, registration statements under both the Exchange Act and Securities Act of 1933, as amended (”Securities Act”). Moreover, Ms. Anthony represents both target and acquiring companies in reverse mergers and forward mergers, including preparation of deal documents such as Merger Agreements, Stock Purchase Agreements, Asset Purchase Agreements and Reorganization Agreements. Ms. Anthony prepares the necessary documentation and assists in completing the requirements of the Exchange Act, state law and FINRA for corporate changes such as name changes, reverse and forward splits and change of domicile.

    Contact Legal & Compliance LLC for a free initial consultation or second opinion on an existing matter.

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  • 21Mar

    Back in October and November of 2011 I wrote a series of blogs regarding DTC eligibility for OTC (over the counter) Issuers.  OTC Issuers include all companies whose securities trade on the over the counter market, including the OTCBB, OTCQB and Pink Sheets.  Many OTC Issuers have faced a “DTC chill” without understanding what it is; let alone how to correct the problem.  In technical terms, a DTC chill is the suspension of book-entry clearing and settlement services with respect to an Issuer’s securities.  In layman’s terms it means your stock can’t clear or trade electronically.  Since all trading in today’s world is electronic, it really means your stock doesn’t trade.

    The SEC’s Stance

    As noted in the SEC opinion:

    “…DTC provides clearance, settlement, custodial, underwriting, registration, dividend, and proxy services for a substantial portion of all equities, corporate and municipal debt, exchange traded funds, and money market instruments available for trading in the United States.  In 2010, DTC processed 295,000,000 book entry transfers of securities worth $273.8 trillion.”

    If DTC doesn’t process and settle trading in your securities, it just doesn’t happen.

    My previous blogs discussed how to become DTC eligible.  From the DTC perspective, a chill does not change the eligibility status of an Issuer’s securities, just what services the DTC will offer for those securities.  So while an Issuer’s securities may still be in street name (a CEDE account), DTC can refuse to allow the book entry trading and settlement of those securities.

    International Power Group, Ltd.

    On March 15, 2012 the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) issued an administrative opinion that sheds some light, though not much, on the DTC process (In the Matter of the Application of International Power Group, Ltd. Admin. Proc. File No. 3-13687).  As further discussed herein, the SEC ultimately issued an opinion stating that an Issuer is entitled to due process proceedings by DTC as a result of a DTC chill placed on an Issuers securities.

    In the Matter of the Application of International Power Group, Ltd. (IPWG), in September 2009, DTC put a chill on the trading of IPWG’s securities following the initiation by the SEC of an action against certain defendants, not IPWG, for improper issuance and trading in certain OTC securities, including IPWG and 3 other Issuers.  Neither IPWG nor any of its officers or directors was a party to the SEC proceeding.

    The portion of the SEC action related to IPWG indicated that about 80,000,000 shares of IPWG stock was sold in the public markets without proper registration or an exemption from registration.  In May 2010 the SEC settled with the Defendants related to IPWG for the usual penalties and permanent injunctions, which settlement did not address the already issued securities.

    DTC Hearings and Rule 22

    Upon learning of the DTC chill, IPWG requested that DTC provide a hearing in accordance with its Rule 22, the only DTC rule that allows for some sort of hearing process.  Rule 22 provides an opportunity for Interest Persons to be heard on any determination by DTC that an Issuer’s security is no longer an eligible security.  DTC denied IPWG’s request for a hearing stating that IPWG’s securities were still eligible and that it would lift the chill “once the matter of the unregistered IPWG shares is resolved with the SEC.”  DTC suggested IPWG take the matter up with the SEC.

    IPWG was in a quandary.

    There was no action pending with the SEC within which IPWG was a party and the SEC action related to IPWG shares had been settled, without addressing the “matter of the unregistered IPWG shares.”

    No Clear Way Out

    There was no clear way to take the matter up with the SEC.  In addition, there was no clear way to take the matter up with DTC.  DTC works through Participants – i.e. licensed broker-dealers not Issuers.  (See my previous blog on DTC eligibility).  Moreover, the shares it actually holds and trades are already issued and belong to shareholders, not the Issuer.  So, although IPWG was clearly and undeniably greatly impacted by the DTC chill, DTC took the position that it didn’t have any particular obligation to IPWG for its actions.

    IPWG filed an administrative appeal with the SEC looking for assistance.  A discussion of jurisdiction and the rules vis a vie getting this matter in front of the SEC is beyond the scope of this blog, but suffice it to say, after much legal wrangling and a realization by all involved that there was no precedent to look upon, the SEC agreed to take the matter on.

    Definition of Interested Person

    In its opinion, the SEC held that an Issuer, in this case IPWG, was an Interested Person for purposes of Rule 22 and was impacted by the DTC chill such that they are entitled to due process and fair proceedings. The SEC did not tell DTC what the criteria for determining whether the chill was appropriate or not should be, only that the Issuer is entitled to “fair procedures”.  However, prior to the March 15, 2012 opinion, DTC could affect a chill on the trading of an Issuer’s security for an indefinite time, at its sole discretion, without recourse.  In fact, the way Rule 22 was written, prior to the March 15, ruling, not even a Participant broker dealer could appeal a chill.

    Moreover, and importantly, the SEC held that in the future, an Issuer who is negatively impacted by DTC action can avail itself of the SEC administrative proceedings process for appeal following a negative decision in a DTC hearing and proceeding.

    Emergency Chills and Fair Practice

    Finally, the SEC confirmed that DTC can still put a chill on an Issuer’s security, prior to giving notice and an opportunity to be heard to that Issuer, in an emergency situation, stating “[H]owever, in such circumstances, these processes should balance the identifiable need for emergency action with the issuer’s right to fair procedures under the Exchange Act.  Under such procedures, DTC would be authorized to act to avert imminent harm, but it could not maintain such a suspension indefinitely without providing expedited fair process to the affected issuer.”

    The Author

    Attorney Laura Anthony,
    Founding Partner, Legal & Compliance, LLC
    Securities, Reverse Mergers, Corporate Transactions

    Securities attorney Laura Anthony provides ongoing corporate counsel to small and mid-size public Companies as well as private Companies intending to go public on the Over the Counter Bulletin Board (OTCBB), now known as the OTCQB. For more than a decade Ms. Anthony has dedicated her securities law practice towards being “the big firm alternative.” Clients receive fast and efficient cutting-edge legal service without the inherent delays and unnecessary expense of “partner-heavy” securities law firms.

    Ms. Anthony’s focus includes but is not limited to compliance with the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, (”Exchange Act”) including Forms 10-Q, 10-K and 8-K and the proxy requirements of Section 14. In addition, Ms. Anthony prepares private placement memorandums, registration statements under both the Exchange Act and Securities Act of 1933, as amended (”Securities Act”). Moreover, Ms. Anthony represents both target and acquiring companies in reverse mergers and forward mergers, including preparation of deal documents such as Merger Agreements, Stock Purchase Agreements, Asset Purchase Agreements and Reorganization Agreements. Ms. Anthony prepares the necessary documentation and assists in completing the requirements of the Exchange Act, state law and FINRA for corporate changes such as name changes, reverse and forward splits and change of domicile.

    Contact Legal & Compliance LLC for a free initial consultation or second opinion on an existing matter.

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  • 01Jun

    It should be noted that this article focuses specifically on non-accelerated filers.

    Companies subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) are required to file quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and annual reports on Form 10-K.  In additional articles, I will discuss in depth the contents and specific disclosure requirements of both forms.  However, in summary, the quarterly report on 10-Q contains unaudited reviewed quarterly financial statements together with management discussion and analysis of those statements.

    Form 10-K

    The annual report on Form 10-K contains audited annual financial statements, together with management discussion and analysis of those statements as well as other disclosures including but not limited to management bios, management compensation, unregistered issuances of stock, generally background on the registrant, internal control reports, litigation matters and more.

    Quarterly reports on form 10-Q are due 45 days from the end of the quarter and annual reports on Form 10-K are due 90 days from the end of the filers fiscal year end.  Each filer has the right to file for an extension on Form 12b-25 which will not result in the filing being deemed delinquent.

    Filing Extensions

    Extensions must be filed no later than the due date of the 10-Q or 10-K for which the extension is filed.  An extension of up to 15 calendar days is available for Form 10-K and up to 5 calendar days for Form 10-Q. In the event that the extension deadline ends on a weekend or holiday, the filing deadline is extended to the next business day.  The extension period begins to run the day after the report was due. No further extensions are available.  For example if a 10-Q is due on a Monday and a 12b-25 is filed on that Monday, the 10-Q would be due Saturday, however, since that is a weekend, the 10-Q could be filed the next Monday and not be deemed delinquent.

    The Impact on Delinquent Filers

    Failure to timely file a report will make the registrant a delinquent filer.  The ramifications of being a delinquent filer vary depending on where the registrant’s stock is quoted (over the counter market OTCBB or OTCQB or an exchange such as NASDAQ).  Delinquent filers trading on an exchange, generally face delisting from that exchange and are automatically quoted on the over the counter market.  The exchange, such as NASDAQ, has broad discretion and authority in working with filers to maintain their exchange listing.  The particular rules and regulations of each exchange, and effect of delinquent filing on a registrant’s stock quotation on that exchange, is beyond the scope of this article.

    FINRA Rule 6530

    FINRA Rule 6530 related to OTCBB eligible securities require that an OTCBB security be current in its Exchange Act reporting requirements.  Filing a report within the extension period following the filing of a 12b-25 is deemed current.  FINRA allows a 30 day grace period prior to removing a registrant from the OTCBB.  However, if a registrant is late in filing its reports 3 times in any 2 year period, it will become ineligible to quote on the OTCBB, without benefit of a grace period.  The registrant can re-apply for quotation after 12 months. The registrant will become ineligible regardless of whether it becomes current thereafter.  This is a bright line rule – one day late, is late!

    OTC Markets and the OTCQB

    The OTC Markets, which operates the OTCQB, is not a self regulatory organization, but rather is a privately owned and run, for profit, quotation platform.  Accordingly, it is not subject to legislative rules and regulations, its rules are not approved by the SEC, and are not subject to legislative review prior to change.  Quotation on the OTCQB requires that registrants be “current in their SEC reporting requirements.”  A search of the OTC Markets website did not provide any information as to any grace periods or particular standards related to late or delinquent filers.

    All delinquent filers, regardless of where quoted, are subject to SEC enforcement proceedings for deregistration.  A deregistered security may not be quoted anywhere or by any medium or by any broker or dealer until re-qualified, either through registration or a new 15c2-11 application. Deregistration is separate and distinct from delisting.  Delisting is the removal of the stock from quotation from a specific exchange (such as NASDAQ or AMEX) or quotation service (such as OTC Markets).  A delisted security may still be quoted by other quotation mediums.  Deregistration is an action by the SEC.  A deregistered security may not be quoted by any medium.

    The Author

    Attorney Laura Anthony,
    Founding Partner, Legal & Compliance, LLC
    Securities, Reverse Mergers, Corporate Transactions

    Securities attorney Laura Anthony provides ongoing corporate counsel to small and mid-size public Companies as well as private Companies intending to go public on the Over the Counter Bulletin Board (OTCBB), now known as the OTCQB. For more than a decade Ms. Anthony has dedicated her securities law practice towards being “the big firm alternative.” Clients receive fast and efficient cutting-edge legal service without the inherent delays and unnecessary expense of “partner-heavy” securities law firms.

    Ms. Anthony’s focus includes but is not limited to compliance with the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, (”Exchange Act”) including Forms 10-Q, 10-K and 8-K and the proxy requirements of Section 14. In addition, Ms. Anthony prepares private placement memorandums, registration statements under both the Exchange Act and Securities Act of 1933, as amended (”Securities Act”). Moreover, Ms. Anthony represents both target and acquiring companies in reverse mergers and forward mergers, including preparation of deal documents such as Merger Agreements, Stock Purchase Agreements, Asset Purchase Agreements and Reorganization Agreements. Ms. Anthony prepares the necessary documentation and assists in completing the requirements of the Exchange Act, state law and FINRA for corporate changes such as name changes, reverse and forward splits and change of domicile.

    Contact Legal & Compliance LLC for a free initial consultation or second opinion on an existing matter.

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  • 27May

    Simply stated, the acquisition agreement sets forth the financial terms of the transaction and legal rights and obligations of the parties with respect to the transaction.  It provides the buyer with a detailed description of the business being purchased and provides for rights and remedies in the event this description proves to be materially inaccurate.  The agreement spells out closing procedures, pre-conditions to closing and post-closing obligations.  The agreement provides for representations and warranties and the rights and remedies if these representations and warranties are inaccurate.

    The main components of the acquisition agreement and a brief description of each are as follows:

    Representations and Warranties

    Representations and warranties generally provide the buyer and seller with a snapshot of facts as of the closing date.  In respect to the seller, facts are generally related to the business itself, such as that the seller has title to the assets, there are no undisclosed liabilities, there is no pending litigation or adversarial situation likely to result in litigation, taxes are paid and there are no issues with employees.  From the buyer the facts are generally related to legal capacity, authority and ability to enter into a binding contract.  The Seller also represents and warrants its legal ability to enter into the agreement.

    Convenants

    Covenants generally govern the parties’ actions for a period prior to and following closing.  An example of a covenant is that a seller must continue to operate the business in the ordinary course and maintain assets pending closing and if there are post closing payouts that the seller continues likewise.  All covenants require good faith in completion.

    Conditions

    Conditions generally refer to pre-closing conditions such as shareholder and board of director approvals, that certain third party consents are obtained and proper documents are signed. Closing conditions usually include the payment of the compensation by the buyer.  Generally, if all conditions precedent are not met, the parties can cancel the transaction.

    Indemnification/Remedies

    Indemnification and remedies provide the rights and remedies of the parties in the event of a breach of the agreement, including a material inaccuracy in the representations and warranties or in the event of an unforeseen third-party claim related to either the agreement or the business.

    Schedules

    Schedules generally provide the true substance of what the seller is purchasing, such as a complete list of customers and contracts, all equity holders, individual creditors and terms of the obligations.  The schedules provide the details.

    In the event that the parties have not previously entered into a letter of intent or confidentiality agreement providing for due diligence review, the acquisition agreement may contain this provision.  Likewise the agreement may contain no shop provisions, break up fees, non compete and confidentiality provisions if not previously agreed to separately.

    The Author

    Attorney Laura Anthony,
    Founding Partner, Legal & Compliance, LLC
    Securities, Reverse Mergers, Corporate Transactions

    Securities attorney Laura Anthony provides ongoing corporate counsel to small and mid-size public Companies as well as private Companies intending to go public on the Over the Counter Bulletin Board (OTCBB), now known as the OTCQB. For more than a decade Ms. Anthony has dedicated her securities law practice towards being “the big firm alternative.” Clients receive fast and efficient cutting-edge legal service without the inherent delays and unnecessary expense of “partner-heavy” securities law firms.

    Ms. Anthony’s focus includes but is not limited to compliance with the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, (”Exchange Act”) including Forms 10-Q, 10-K and 8-K and the proxy requirements of Section 14. In addition, Ms. Anthony prepares private placement memorandums, registration statements under both the Exchange Act and Securities Act of 1933, as amended (”Securities Act”). Moreover, Ms. Anthony represents both target and acquiring companies in reverse mergers and forward mergers, including preparation of deal documents such as Merger Agreements, Stock Purchase Agreements, Asset Purchase Agreements and Reorganization Agreements. Ms. Anthony prepares the necessary documentation and assists in completing the requirements of the Exchange Act, state law and FINRA for corporate changes such as name changes, reverse and forward splits and change of domicile.

    Contact Legal & Compliance LLC for a free initial consultation or second opinion on an existing matter.

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  • 21May

    The Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) created the PCAOB, which is the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. All public company auditors must be PCAOB licensed and qualified. Prior to the enactment of SOX, the profession was self regulated and any CPA could audit a public company. On its website, the PCAOB describes itself as “[T]he PCAOB is a nonprofit corporation established by Congress to oversee the audits of public companies in order to protect investors and the public interest by promoting informative, accurate, and independent audit reports. The PCAOB also oversees the audits of broker-dealers, including compliance reports filed pursuant to federal securities laws, to promote investor protection.”

    Not All PCAOB Auditors are Created Equal

    Licensing and membership with the PCAOB has stringent requirements. In fact, shortly after the enactment of SOX the number of accounting firms that provide public company services declined dramatically. Being held to a higher standard isn’t for everyone. However, as time has passed, even with PCAOB oversight, it has become clear that not all PCAOB qualified and licensed auditors are created equal. The recent rash of Chinese company accounting fraud cases has certainly brought the issue to light. Like all areas of the “public company world”, choosing a PCAOB auditor requires due diligence.

    Review Their Client Filings

    In choosing a PCAOB firm to act as an auditor for a public company, the public company should consider how many other SEC clients does the firm have and when the firm was last inspected by the PCAOB. All accounting firms with 100 or more public company clients are inspected annually; however, those with less than 100 public clients are only inspected every three years. As the bigger firms with more than 100 clients can be cost prohibitive to smaller public companies, it is very important that a smaller public company find out when the last inspection was, and what the result of that inspection was. The PCAOB prepares a written report following an inspection, portions of which are available to the public.

    Pending Enforcement Proceedings

    Another factor to consider is whether any of the accounting firms clients are currently subject to an SEC enforcement proceeding. Enforcement proceedings are a matter of public record on the SEC website. Investigations are not public information; however, a public company should ask a potential PCAOB service provider if they or any of their clients are currently subject to investigation by the SEC. In line with this area of due diligence, is whether the PCAOB firm has a Chinese company practice and how large that practice is.

    Unfortunately, if they have a large Chinese company practice there is a good chance that they may become subject to an investigation in today’s environment.

    In addition, to specific issues relating to a potential auditor’s PCAOB qualifications, a public company should consider general criteria for hiring any professional: what is the firm’s pricing; how busy (responsive) will they be to your needs; will you be assigned a single accountant for most communications or a team; will that accountant/team change each year (thereby having to teach someone new every year about your business); how do you get along with the individuals; and does your SEC attorney have a relationship with the firm.

    The Author

    Attorney Laura Anthony,
    Founding Partner, Legal & Compliance, LLC
    Securities, Reverse Mergers, Corporate Transactions

    Securities attorney Laura Anthony provides ongoing corporate counsel to small and mid-size public Companies as well as private Companies intending to go public on the Over the Counter Bulletin Board (OTCBB), now known as the OTCQB. For more than a decade Ms. Anthony has dedicated her securities law practice towards being “the big firm alternative.” Clients receive fast and efficient cutting-edge legal service without the inherent delays and unnecessary expense of “partner-heavy” securities law firms.

    Ms. Anthony’s focus includes but is not limited to compliance with the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, (”Exchange Act”) including Forms 10-Q, 10-K and 8-K and the proxy requirements of Section 14. In addition, Ms. Anthony prepares private placement memorandums, registration statements under both the Exchange Act and Securities Act of 1933, as amended (”Securities Act”). Moreover, Ms. Anthony represents both target and acquiring companies in reverse mergers and forward mergers, including preparation of deal documents such as Merger Agreements, Stock Purchase Agreements, Asset Purchase Agreements and Reorganization Agreements. Ms. Anthony prepares the necessary documentation and assists in completing the requirements of the Exchange Act, state law and FINRA for corporate changes such as name changes, reverse and forward splits and change of domicile.

    Contact Legal & Compliance LLC for a free initial consultation or second opinion on an existing matter.

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  • 09May

    This article continues my series on obligations (and rights and responsibilities) of the board of directors during a merger and acquisition transaction. This blog focuses on the director’s duty of disclosure. A director’s duty of disclosure is part and parcel with their duty of loyalty. That is, the duty of disclosure primarily focuses on a director’s duty to disclose conflicts of interest he may have with respect to any corporate action. However, the duty also extends to a director’s duty to inform shareholders fully on matters involving a shareholder vote and in making any public disclosures.

    Duty to Disclose

    The duty to disclose (like other duties) only extends to material facts and circumstances. “Put another way, there must be a substantial likelihood that the disclosure of the omitted fact would have been viewed by the reasonable investor as having significantly altered the total mix of information made available.” TSC Indus., Inc. v. Northway, Inc., 426 U.S. 438 (1976). In the case of a merger or acquisition requiring shareholder vote for instance, directors must provide shareholders with material information necessary to make an informed decision. In the case of press releases or other public disclosures, information provided must meet the disclosure obligations as well as the meet the standards for the duties of care and good faith.

    Transparency and Shareholders

    In In Re Pure Res., 808 A.2d 448, the court held that the directors had a duty to disclose to shareholders the substantive work performed and total involvement of investment bankers in pending merger transaction. The court reasoned that this information would assist an investor in determining whether the value being paid was fair. Other courts have concurred with this opinion and specified that shareholders are entitled to see valuation reports and financial projections prepared by investment bankers in a merger transaction, and it is the board of director’s duty to supply this information. Moreover, other courts have held that shareholders are entitled to be informed of financial advisors roles and compensation in a merger or acquisition transaction.

    A director’s duty of disclosure is based in state law and is separate and distinct from a company’s duty to disclose under both the Securities Act of 1933 and Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Whereas the state law duty to disclose supports private causes of action, including possible class action lawsuits, the federal duty supports both private causes of action (including class actions) and regulatory enforcement proceedings.

    The Author

    Attorney Laura Anthony,
    Founding Partner, Legal & Compliance, LLC
    Securities, Reverse Mergers, Corporate Transactions

    Securities attorney Laura Anthony provides ongoing corporate counsel to small and mid-size public Companies as well as private Companies intending to go public on the Over the Counter Bulletin Board (OTCBB), now known as the OTCQB. For more than a decade Ms. Anthony has dedicated her securities law practice towards being “the big firm alternative.” Clients receive fast and efficient cutting-edge legal service without the inherent delays and unnecessary expense of “partner-heavy” securities law firms.

    Ms. Anthony’s focus includes but is not limited to compliance with the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, (”Exchange Act”) including Forms 10-Q, 10-K and 8-K and the proxy requirements of Section 14. In addition, Ms. Anthony prepares private placement memorandums, registration statements under both the Exchange Act and Securities Act of 1933, as amended (”Securities Act”). Moreover, Ms. Anthony represents both target and acquiring companies in reverse mergers and forward mergers, including preparation of deal documents such as Merger Agreements, Stock Purchase Agreements, Asset Purchase Agreements and Reorganization Agreements. Ms. Anthony prepares the necessary documentation and assists in completing the requirements of the Exchange Act, state law and FINRA for corporate changes such as name changes, reverse and forward splits and change of domicile.

    Contact Legal & Compliance LLC for a free initial consultation or second opinion on an existing matter.

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  • 06May

    This article continues my series on obligations (and rights and responsibilities) of the board of directors during a merger and acquisition transaction. The last in the series discussed a director’s duty of loyalty. This blog continues that discussion, focusing on the duty in particular fact circumstances.

    Balancing Common and Preferred Shares

    A common question I am asked by directors is how to balance the interest of two competing classes of stock (such as common and preferred). In such a case, the entire fairness standard of reviewing a corporate transaction (discussed in last blog) will not automatically be invoked, but first the court will utilize the business judgment rule. Accordingly, a director who is not conflicted and who otherwise takes all measures required (in-depth involvement in the process, review of all documents, advice of outside professionals, seeking highest price for all classes of stock) will be protected from liability.

    Directors’ Financial Motivation

    Delaware courts have emphasized that involvement by disinterested, independent directors increases the probability that a board’s decisions will receive the benefits of the business judgment rule and helps a board justify its action under the more stringent standards of review such as the entire fairness standard. Independence is determined by all the facts and circumstances, however, a director is definitely not independent where they have a personal financial interest in the decision or if they have domination or motive other than the merits of the transaction. Simply stated, the greater the degree of independence the greater the protection. Many companies hire special committees of outside professionals to review and recommend course of action on a transaction as added protection.

    Duty of Loyalty

    In some circumstances the duty of loyalty requires that a director make a business opportunity available to the corporation before the director may pursue the opportunity personally. Whether such an opportunity must first be offered to the corporation will depend on the following factors: (i) the circumstances in which the director became aware of the opportunity; (ii) the significance of the opportunity to the corporation and the degree of interest of the corporation in the opportunity; (iii) whether the opportunity relates to the corporation’s existing or contemplated business; and (iv) whether there is a reasonable basis for the corporation to expect that the director should make the opportunity available to the corporation.

    The Author

    Attorney Laura Anthony,
    Founding Partner, Legal & Compliance, LLC
    Securities, Reverse Mergers, Corporate Transactions

    Securities attorney Laura Anthony provides ongoing corporate counsel to small and mid-size public Companies as well as private Companies intending to go public on the Over the Counter Bulletin Board (OTCBB), now known as the OTCQB. For more than a decade Ms. Anthony has dedicated her securities law practice towards being “the big firm alternative.” Clients receive fast and efficient cutting-edge legal service without the inherent delays and unnecessary expense of “partner-heavy” securities law firms.

    Ms. Anthony’s focus includes but is not limited to compliance with the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, (”Exchange Act”) including Forms 10-Q, 10-K and 8-K and the proxy requirements of Section 14. In addition, Ms. Anthony prepares private placement memorandums, registration statements under both the Exchange Act and Securities Act of 1933, as amended (”Securities Act”). Moreover, Ms. Anthony represents both target and acquiring companies in reverse mergers and forward mergers, including preparation of deal documents such as Merger Agreements, Stock Purchase Agreements, Asset Purchase Agreements and Reorganization Agreements. Ms. Anthony prepares the necessary documentation and assists in completing the requirements of the Exchange Act, state law and FINRA for corporate changes such as name changes, reverse and forward splits and change of domicile.

    Contact Legal & Compliance LLC for a free initial consultation or second opinion on an existing matter.

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