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SEC、外国私募発行体の定義に関する概念リリースを発表 ― 第2部

2025年6月、SEC(米国証券取引委員会)は、外国私募発行体(“FPI”)の定義についての概念リリースおよびコメント募集を公表しました。現在の定義、SECへの登録・報告制度、そしてFPIsに関連するNasdaqのコーポレートガバナンスについての解説は、私の3部構成のブログをご参照ください: および ; および; および.

FPI(外国私募発行体)は、米国の資本市場へアクセスする際に独自の課題に直面します。そのため長年にわたり、SECはFPIが自国のコーポレートガバナンス規則に従うことを認め、さらに開示制度についても一定の緩和措置を設けるなど、柔軟な規制対応を整えてきました。しかしSECは、過去数十年の間にFPIの構成が変化し、その多くがほぼ米国市場のみで取引されていることに気付きました。

つまり、現在の定義やFPI向けの措置が制定された当時、SECは、対象となる多くのFPIが自国で重要な開示義務やその他の規制要件の対象となり、また外国市場で取引されることを想定していました。ところが下記のとおり、現在のFPIの大半は、米国でのみ取引される中国系企業が多く、平均時価総額も低い傾向があります。SECは、このような状況では、既存の規則は当初想定していた効果をもはや発揮していないと考え、概念リリースおよびコメント募集を発行しました。

概念リリースに関する第1回のブログでは、FPIの現行の定義と規制枠組み、そしてFPIの構成に関するSECの一般的な見解を解説しています(参照)。本稿(第2回)では、SECによるFPI定義の再評価について取り上げます。

現行のFPI定義の確認

1933年証券法(改正を含む、以下「証券法」)および1934年証券取引法(改正を含む、以下「証券取引法」)の双方において、「外国私募発行体」(FPI)の定義が規定されています。一般に、企業がFPIの定義を満たさない場合、米国企業と同様の登録義務および報告義務が課されます。

FPI資格の有無は、本拠地国だけで決まるものではありません(なお、米国法人は、事業・資産・経営陣・子会社の所在地にかかわらず、FPIとなることはできません)。FPIとして認められるかどうかは、通常、以下の2つの基準によって判断されます。(i) 米国における株式保有の相対的割合 (ii) 米国における事業活動・取引関係の程度 。

多くの証券法上の定義と同様に、外国私募発行体の定義はまず「すべての外国発行体」を包括的に対象とした上で、そこから例外を除外する形で構成されています。具体的には、FPIとは、以下の条件に該当する外国発行体を除いたものを指します(既存の発行体の場合は会計年度第2四半期末時点、初めてSECに登録する場合は、証券法または証券取引法のいずれかに基づく最初の登録届出書の提出日から30日以内に判定)。

(i) 外国政府

(ii) 議決権付証券の50%超が米国居住者により直接または間接的に保有されている場合、さらに次のいずれかに該当すること:(a) 取締役または執行役員の過半数が米国市民または米国居住者であること、(b) 資産の50%超が米国内に所在すること、または (c) 主たる事業が米国にある。主たる事業所の所在地は、会社の主な事業分野または業務、取締役会および株主総会、本社、および最も影響力のある主要役員を考慮して決定されます。

つまり、外国企業の株主の過半数が米国内に所在しない場合、その企業はFPIとして適格となります。一方、名義株主の50%超が米国に所在する場合には、企業は役員・取締役、資産、事業活動の所在地について、さらに検討する必要があります。

FPI定義の再評価

FPIの多くが中国拠点の企業であることを踏まえ、SECは米国投資家に対する主なリスクとして、以下の点に注目しています。(i)不十分な開示および開示管理体制、(ii)本国での包括的規制の欠如、(iii)二次的な外国市場での取引規制の不在(これら企業の大半は米国市場のみで取引されているため)。なお、これらのリスクは中国拠点以外の企業にも見られますが、SECが長年にわたり中国拠点企業に特に懸念を示していることは明らかです(中国関連についてのナスダックによる最新の取り組みは、 および をご参照ください)。

SEC は FPI に関連するあらゆる事項についてパブリックコメントを求めていますが、特に定義および開示制度の変更の可能性に焦点を当てています。こうした変更の目的は、FPI が米国企業と同等、またはそれに匹敵する強固な規制および報告義務の対象となるようにすることです。概念リリースでは、いくつかの変更案(およびそれに対するコメント)を提示しており、その内容には次のような点が含まれます。

  • FPIの定義を改正し、分岐テストを更新する。例えば、株主テストにおける米国人保有者の50%という既存の基準を引き下げ、より早期にビジネスコンタクト分析を行えるようにする。
  • ビジネスコンタクトテストの既存基準を改訂し、新たな基準の追加や米国所在資産に関する既存基準の見直しを行う。
  • FPIステータスを維持するため、最低限の外国取引量を求める外国取引量テストを追加する。例えば、改正後の定義では、FPIがFPIステータスの継続資格を判断するため、外国および米国での年間取引量を評価することが求められる。
  • 各FPIに対し、(1) SECが発行体に対する強固な規制および監督の枠組みを有していると判断した法域に設立または本社を置くこと、ならびに(2) 当該証券規制および監督に修正や免除なく従うことを義務付ける。
  • 選定された外国法域の発行体について、証券法登録および証券取引法に基づく定期報告に関して、相互承認制度を構築する。
  • FPIに対し、外国証券当局がIOSCOの「協議・協力および情報交換に関する多国間覚書(MMoU)」または「強化版多国間覚書(EMMoU)」に署名した法域に設立または本社を置き、かつ当該署名当局の監督下にあることを証明することを義務付ける。

著者

ローラ・アンソニー弁護士

設立パートナー

アンソニー、リンダー&カコマノリス

企業法務および証券法務事務所

LAnthony@ALClaw.com

証券弁護士ローラ・アンソニー氏とその経験豊富な法律チームは、中小規模の非公開企業、上場企業、そして上場予定の非公開企業に対して継続的な企業顧問サービスを提供しています。ナスダックNYSEアメリカン、または店頭市場(例えばOTCQBOTCQX)で上場を目指す企業も対象です。20年以上にわたり、Anthony, Linder & Cacomanolis, PLLC(ALC)は、迅速でパーソナライズされた最先端の法的サービスをクライアントに提供してきました。当事務所の評判と人脈は、投資銀行、証券会社、機関投資家、その他の戦略的提携先への紹介など、クライアントにとって非常に貴重なリソースとなっています。当事務所の専門分野には、1933年証券法の募集・販売および登録要件の遵守(レギュレーションDおよびレギュレーションSに基づく私募取引、PIPE取引、証券トークン・オファリング、イニシャル・コイン・オファリングを含む)が含まれますが、これに限定されません。規制A/A+オファリング、S-1、S-3、S-8フォームの登録申請、S-4フォームによる合併登録、1934年証券取引法の遵守(フォーム10による登録、フォーム10-Q、10-K、8-Kおよび14C情報・14A委任状報告書)、あらゆる形態の株式公開取引、合併・買収(リバースマージャーおよびフォワードマージャーを含む)、ナスダックNYSEアメリカンを含む証券取引所のコーポレートガバナンス要件への申請および遵守、一般企業取引、一般契約および事業取引が含まれます。アンソニー氏と当事務所は、合併・買収取引において、買収対象企業と買収企業の双方を代理し、合併契約、株式交換契約、株式購入契約、資産購入契約、組織再編契約などの取引文書を作成します。ALC法務チームは、公開企業が連邦および州の証券法やSROs要件に準拠することを支援しており、15c2-11申請、社名変更、リバース・フォワードスプリット、本拠地変更などにも対応しています。アンソニー氏はまた、中堅・中小企業向けの業界ニュースのトップ情報源であるSecuritiesLawBlog.comの著者であり、企業財務に特化したポッドキャスト『LawCast.com: Corporate Finance in Focus』のプロデューサー兼ホストでもあります。当事務所は、ニューヨーク、ロサンゼルス、マイアミ、ボカラトン、ウェストパームビーチ、アトランタ、フェニックス、スコッツデール、シャーロット、シンシナティ、クリーブランド、ワシントンD.C.、デンバー、タンパ、デトロイト、ダラスなど、多くの主要都市でクライアントを代理しています。

アンソニー氏は、Crowdfunding Professional Association(CfPA)、パームビーチ郡弁護士会、フロリダ州弁護士会、アメリカ弁護士会(ABA)および連邦証券規制やプライベート・エクイティ・ベンチャーキャピタルに関するABA委員会など、さまざまな専門団体のメンバーです。パームビーチ郡およびマーティン郡のアメリカ赤十字社、スーザン・コーメン財団、オポチュニティ社(Opportunity, Inc.)、ニュー・ホープ・チャリティーズ、フォー・アーツ協会(Society of the Four Arts)、ノートン美術館、パームビーチ郡動物園協会、クラヴィス・パフォーミング・アーツ・センターなど、複数の地域社会慈善団体を支援しています。

アンソニー氏はフロリダ州立大学ロースクールを優秀な成績で卒業しており、1993年から弁護士として活動しています。

Anthony, Linder & Cacomanolis, PLLC にお問い合わせください。技術的な内容に関するご質問もいつでも歓迎いたします。

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Anthony, Linder & Cacomanolis, PLLCは、本情報を教育目的の一般情報として提供しています。本情報は一般的な内容であり、法的助言を構成するものではありません。さらに、本情報の利用や送受信は、当事務所との弁護士–依頼者関係を成立させるものではありません。したがって、本情報を通じて当事務所と行ういかなる通信も、特権または機密として扱われることはありません。

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SEC Issues A Concept Release On The Definition Of Foreign Private Issuer – Part 2

In June 2025 the SEC published a concept release and request for comment on the definition of a foreign private issuer (“FPI”).  For a review of the current definition, information regarding SEC registration and reporting and Nasdaq corporate governance related to FPIs, see my three part blog HERE; HERE; and HERE.

FPI’s face unique challenges when accessing U.S. capital markets and as such over years the SEC has developed regulatory flexibilities allowing FPIs to follow the corporate governance rules of their home country and providing them with a modified disclosure regime.  However, the SEC has noticed that the composition of FPI’s has changed over the last few decades and that most FPI’s almost exclusively trade in the U.S.

That is, at the time the current definition and accommodations for FPIs was established, the SEC through that most eligible FPI’s would be subject to meaningful disclosure and other regulatory requirements in their home country jurisdictions and

Market Wrap Up – November and December 2024

As promised, I am going to provide regular market wrap-ups for the IPO market as we move forward with the next administration and chapter for our U.S. capital markets.  This edition covers November and December 2024.  For a review of the Market Wrap-Up for October 2024 see HERE.

Nine small cap ($30,000,000 and under) IPOs priced in November 2024 and 12 in December 2024 (compared to 19 in October; 12 in September; 8 in August; 8 in July; 3 in June; 5 in May; 12 in April; 6 in March; 6 in February; and 8 in January). Below is a chart of relevant deal information for the November and December IPOs. In October I only included deals up to $25,000,000 but raised the cap to $30,000,000.  Normally, I would include all deals under $50,000,000 in this category, but the deal sizes remain very low.  As deal sizes return to pre 2022 normal levels, I will continue to

SEC Chair Gary Gensler’s Annual Congressional Testimony

On September 12, 2023, Gary Gensler gave his annual testimony to the United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs and then on September 27th to the United States House of Representatives Committee on Financial Services (for a review of last year’s testimony see HERE).  Both appearances included the same prepared remarks followed by robust Q&A from the lawmakers.

This year Chair Gensler’s prepared remarks focused on: (i) rule amendments and updates; (ii) improving efficiency in equity markets; (iii) disclosure matters and related enforcement including related to cryptocurrency; and (iv) general updates on the SEC and capital markets.

Prepared Remarks

We shouldn’t expect the busy SEC rule making agenda to slow down any time soon.  Chair Gensler prioritizes updating rules for technology, business and market changes.  Although Gensler’s speech focuses on rule changes to make the markets more efficient and resilient and lower costs, the reality is that not all rule changes will accomplish

Report Of Government-Business Forum On Small Business Capital Formation

On July 28, 2022, the SEC released its report from the 41st Annual Government-Business Forum on Small Business Capital Formation.  The report provides a summary of the forum proceedings, including the recommendations developed by participants for changes needed to the capital raising framework and the SEC’s responses to the recommendations.  The forum featured panelists and discussions on (i) empowering entrepreneurs with tools to navigate capital raising; (ii) hometown entrepreneurship, including how entrepreneurs can thrive outside of traditional capital raising hubs; (iii) how emerging fund managers are diversifying capital; and (iv) what to know and how to think ahead in the small cap world.  The forum had a focus on diversity, including panel speakers and discussion topics.  A clear message across the board is that women- and minority-owned businesses face the biggest challenges in the capital markets.

Background

The SEC’s Office of the Advocate for Small Business Capital Formation launched in January 2019 after being created by Congress pursuant

SEC Adopts Amendments To Tighten Shareholder Proposals

Following a tense period of debate and comments, on September 23, 2020, the SEC adopted amendments to Rule 14a-8 governing shareholder proposals in the proxy process.  The proposed rule was published almost a year before in November 2019 (see HERE).  The amendment increases the ownership threshold requirements required for shareholders to submit and re-submit proposals to be included in a company’s proxy statement.  The ownership thresholds were last amended in 1998 and the resubmission rules have been in place since 1954.  The new rules represent significant changes to a shareholder’s rights to include matters on a company’s proxy statement.

Shareholder proposals, and the process for including or excluding such proposals in a company’s proxy statement, have been the subject of debate for years.  The rules have not been amended in decades and during that time, shareholder activism has shifted.  Main Street investors tend to invest more through mutual funds and ETF’s, and most shareholder proposals come from

A COVID IPO

On June 25, 2020, SEC Chair Jay Clayton gave testimony before the Investor Protection, Entrepreneurship and Capital Markets Subcommittee of the U.S. House Committee on Financial Services on the topic of capital markets and emergency lending in the Covid-19 era.  The next day, on June 26, Chair Clayton, William Hinman, Director of the Division of Corporation Finance, Dalia Blass, Director of the Division of Investment Management and Brett Redfearn, Director of the Division of Trading and Markets issued a public statement on the same topic but expanded to include efforts to ensure the orderly function of U.S. capital markets.

Chair Clayton Testimony

Chair Clayton breaks down his testimony over five topics including: (i) market monitoring and regulatory coordination; (ii) guidance and targeted assistance and relief; (iii) investor protection, education and outreach efforts; (iv) ongoing mission-oriented work; and (v) the SEC’s fiscal-year 2021 budget request.

Market Monitoring and Regulatory Coordination

Despite the extraordinary volumes and volatility we have seen in the

SEC Statements On Capital Markets Amid Covid-19

On June 25, 2020, SEC Chair Jay Clayton gave testimony before the Investor Protection, Entrepreneurship and Capital Markets Subcommittee of the U.S. House Committee on Financial Services on the topic of capital markets and emergency lending in the Covid-19 era.  The next day, on June 26, Chair Clayton, William Hinman, Director of the Division of Corporation Finance, Dalia Blass, Director of the Division of Investment Management and Brett Redfearn, Director of the Division of Trading and Markets issued a public statement on the same topic but expanded to include efforts to ensure the orderly function of U.S. capital markets.

Chair Clayton Testimony

Chair Clayton breaks down his testimony over five topics including: (i) market monitoring and regulatory coordination; (ii) guidance and targeted assistance and relief; (iii) investor protection, education and outreach efforts; (iv) ongoing mission-oriented work; and (v) the SEC’s fiscal-year 2021 budget request.

Market Monitoring and Regulatory Coordination

Despite the extraordinary volumes and volatility we have seen

SEC Proposed Rule Changes For Exempt Offerings – Part 5

On March 4, 2020, the SEC published proposed rule changes to harmonize, simplify and improve the exempt offering framework.  The SEC had originally issued a concept release and request for public comment on the subject in June 2019 (see HERE).  The proposed rule changes indicate that the SEC has been listening to capital markets participants and is supporting increased access to private offerings for both businesses and a larger class of investors.  Together with the proposed amendments to the accredited investor definition (see HERE), the new rules could have as much of an impact on the capital markets as the JOBS Act has had since its enactment in 2012.

The 341-page rule release provides a comprehensive overhaul to the exempt offering and integration rules worthy of in-depth discussion.  I have been breaking the information down into a series of blogs, with this fifth and final blog focusing on amendments to Regulation Crowdfunding.

To review the first blog

SEC Proposed Rule Changes For Exempt Offerings – Part 4

On March 4, 2020, the SEC published proposed rule changes to harmonize, simplify and improve the exempt offering framework.  The SEC had originally issued a concept release and request for public comment on the subject in June 2019 (see HERE). The proposed rule changes indicate that the SEC has been listening to capital markets participants and is supporting increased access to private offerings for both businesses and a larger class of investors.  Together with the proposed amendments to the accredited investor definition (see HERE), the new rules could have as much of an impact on the capital markets as the JOBS Act has had since its enactment in 2012.

The 341-page rule release provides a comprehensive overhaul to the exempt offering and integration rules worthy of in-depth discussion.  I have been breaking the information down into a series of blogs, with this fourth blog focusing on amendments to Regulation A other than integration and offering communications which

SEC Proposed Rule Changes For Exempt Offerings – Part 3

On March 4, 2020, the SEC published proposed rule changes to harmonize, simplify and improve the exempt offering framework.  The SEC had originally issued a concept release and request for public comment on the subject in June 2019 (see HERE).  The proposed rule changes indicate that the SEC has been listening to capital markets participants and is supporting increased access to private offerings for both businesses and a larger class of investors.  Together with the proposed amendments to the accredited investor definition (see HERE), the new rules could have as much of an impact on the capital markets as the JOBS Act has had since its enactment in 2012.

The 341-page rule release provides a comprehensive overhaul to the exempt offering and integration rules worthy of in-depth discussion.  I have been breaking the information down into a series of blogs, with this third blog focusing on amendments to Rule 504, Rule 506(b) and 506(c) of Regulation D other

Relief For Persons Affected By The Coronavirus

Last week I published a blog summarizing the relief granted by the SEC for public companies and capital markets participants impacted by the coronavirus (Covid-19) (see HERE).  Just as Covid-19 rapidly evolves, so have the regulators response.  The SEC has now expanded the relief and issued guidance on public company disclosures related to Covid-19.

While we work to complete the usual filings while in quarantine, a new conversation is starting to develop at a rapid pace.  That is, the conversation of opportunity and the accelerating of a more technologically driven economy than ever before.  Businesses and service providers must stay nimble and ready to serve the ever changing needs of entrepreneurs and the capital markets – I know we are!

Extension in SEC Reporting Filing Deadlines

On March 25, 2020, the SEC extended its prior conditional relief order such that periodic filings that would have been due from between March 1 and July 1, 2020 can avail themselves of

Shifting Capital Markets; Bank of America’s Merrill Lynch Exits the Penny Stock Business

There is a strange dichotomy building in the capital markets and what some are calling a clearing firm crisis. At the same time that the world of penny stocks and low-priced securities is on shaky ground with regulators and market participants, the U.S. is trying to regenerate the IPO marketplace, and a whole world of cryptocurrency investments and global trading continues to flourish. However, the IPO market cannot flourish for small companies if stockholders cannot clear their securities and sell into a secondary market. Recently, penny stocks have experienced a one-two punch that leaves me, and many of my colleagues, wondering how the marketplace will respond and evolve. Furthermore, as the inevitable birth of securities tokens and an actual licensed operational securities token exchange looms on the near-term horizon, it is clear we are at the precipice of experiencing fundamental changes in the capital markets.

Background on Penny Stocks

Penny stocks and low-priced securities have always been considered speculative and

OTC Markets Issues Comment Letters On FINRA Rules 6432 And 5250; The 15c2-11 Rules

January 8, 2018, OTC Markets Group, Inc. (“OTC Markets”) submitted a comment letter to FINRA related to FINRA Rule 6432.  Rule 6432 requires that a market maker or broker-dealer have the information specified in Securities Exchange Act Rule 15c2-11 before making a quotation in a security on the over-the-counter market. Although I summarize the salient points of the OTC Markets comment letter, I encourage those interested to read the entire letter, which contains an in-depth analysis and comprehensive arguments to support its position. On February 8, 2018, OTC Markets submitted a second comment letter to FINRA, this one related to FINRA Rule 5250.  Rule 5250 prohibits companies from compensating market makers in connection with the preparation and filing of a Form 211 application.

Rule 6432 – Compliance with the Information Requirements of SEA Rule 15c2-11

Subject to certain exceptions, including the “piggyback exception” discussed below, Rule 6432 requires that all broker-dealers have and maintain certain information on a

The Treasury Department Report To The President On Capital Markets

In October 2017, the U.S. Department of the Treasury issued a report to President Trump entitled “A Financial System That Creates Economic Opportunities; Capital Markets” (the “Treasury Report”). The Treasury Report was issued in response to an executive order dated February 3, 2017. The executive order identified Core Principles and requested the Treasury Department to identify laws, treaties, regulations, guidance, reporting and record-keeping requirements, and other government policies that promote or inhibit federal regulation of the U.S. financial system in a manner consistent with the Core Principles. In response to its directive, the Treasury Department is issuing four reports; this one on capital markets discusses and makes specific recommendations related to the federal securities laws.

The Core Principles are:

  1. Empower Americans to make independent financial decisions and informed choices in the marketplace, save for retirement, and build individual wealth;
  2. Prevent taxpayer-funded bailouts;
  3. Foster economic growth and vibrant financial markets through more rigorous regulatory impact analysis that addresses systemic risk
Read More »

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