Laura Anthony Esq

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SEC、Regulation Crypto Assetsを提案:トークン発行者の資金調達とイグジットに向けた明確な枠組みを構築 ― パート2

2026年8月18日、米国証券取引委員会(SEC)は、「Regulation Crypto Assets」を提案し、デジタル市場規制の近代化に向けて、これまでで最も歴史的な一歩を踏み出しました。この画期的な提案は、トークンによる資金調達取引のために特別に設計された連邦レベルの枠組みを確立するとともに、一定の条件の下で投資契約としての地位から離脱するための道筋を示すものです。SECは、「エンフォースメントによる規制」から、成文化された免除規定およびセーフハーバーへと方針を転換することで、上場企業の取締役会、創業者、アドバイザーが法令に準拠した募集を組成するために必要な明確な基準を示しました。

「Regulation Crypto Assets」と題する規則案は、以下の内容を定めています。(i) 対象となる投資契約の一定の募集、販売その他の分配について、最長4年間にわたり適用され、そのローリング方式による4年間で最大500万ドルまでの募集を認めるスタートアップ向け登録免除を設けること、(ii) Regulation Aを大幅に参考にした2段階の制度を含め、各12か月間に最大7,500万ドルまでの募集を認める登録免除を創設すること、(iii) 「証券」の定義における「投資契約」への該当性についてセーフハーバーを設けること、ならびに (iv) 証券法第18条に基づく州法の適用除外規定が、Regulation Crypto Assetsに基づく募集および販売ならびに一定の流通市場取引にも適用されるよう、「適格購入者」を定義することです。

ポール・S・アトキンス委員長は、この新たな規則体系を、イノベーションを米国内に呼び戻し、米国における資本形成を活性化するための重要な仕組みと位置付けました。SECは、デジタルトークンに旧来のS-1登録要件を適用するのではなく、基盤となるブロックチェーン資産と、その分配に伴う投資契約とを区別する、原則ベースの規制制度を提案しています。この待望の変更により、発行者には法的に明確な道筋が示される一方、個人の投資額に厳格な上限を設けることで、個人投資家の保護も図られます。

パート1では、2025年3月にSECと米商品先物取引委員会(CFTC)が共同で公表した暗号資産の分類に関するガイダンスを含む背景について詳しく解説しました。また、パート1では、Regulation Crypto Assetsに基づく登録免除の概要についても説明しています。詳細はこちらをご覧ください:。本シリーズのパート2では、統合に関する事項、流通市場での取引、州法の適用除外など、新たな免除規定の実務面についてさらに詳しく解説します。

開示要件

Regulation Crypto Assetsの規則103では、開示は原則に基づいて行うことが明確に定められていますが、同規則は、スタートアップ向け免除と資金調達向け免除の双方について、一定の開示要件も定めています。Regulation Crypto Assetsに基づいて提供される情報は、発行者、対象となる暗号資産、および関連する暗号資産ネットワークまたは関連する暗号資産アプリケーションに応じて適切に調整し、専門用語や業界特有の用語に過度に依存することなく、明確かつ簡潔で理解しやすい表現で提示する必要があります。また、提供される情報では、発行者、対象となる暗号資産、および関連する暗号資産ネットワークまたは関連する暗号資産アプリケーションの現在の開発段階を明らかにするとともに、将来を見据えた開発計画や今後の開発計画について明確に区別して記載する必要があります。

具体的には、開示事項を以下の項目に整理することが提案されています。(i) 対象となる投資契約、(ii) 募集、(iii) 対象となる暗号資産、(iv) 経営陣、関係者および利益相反、(v) 関連する暗号資産ネットワーク/アプリケーションおよび開発計画、(vi) セキュリティおよびソースコード、(vii) 対象となる暗号資産の経済的仕組みおよび配分、(viii) ガバナンス、(ix) 対象となる暗号資産のエコシステム、ならびに (x) リスク要因です。

投資契約セーフハーバー:SECの管轄から離脱するための明確な道筋

Regulation Crypto Assets規則案の中で、法的に最も重要かつ革新的な要素は、一定の条件を満たしたトークンについて、証券としての取扱いを終了できる条件付きセーフハーバーです。約10年にわたり、トークン発行者は、デジタル資産が当初の法的分類を恒久的に維持するという硬直的な考え方の下で対応を迫られ、流通市場取引には規制上の不確実性が常につきまとってきました。新たなセーフハーバーは、連邦証券規制の適用対象から離脱するための明確かつ客観的な道筋を示すものです。

規則150に基づき、発行者は、投資家に約束したすべての「不可欠な経営上の取り組み」を完了するか、恒久的に停止した時点で、そのトークンを「投資契約」の定義から外すことができます。これは、基盤となるブロックチェーンネットワークが十分な分散化を達成した場合、または創設チームが開発に関する約束を履行した場合に該当します。このセーフハーバーの適用を受けるためには、発行者はEDGARシステムを通じてForm TRを提出する必要があります。Form TRには、ネットワークが自律的に機能していること、および投資家が資産価値について創設グループの経営上の取り組みにもはや依存していないことを示す、詳細な証明および裏付けとなる分析を記載する必要があります。

不可欠な経営上の取り組みと、ローンチ後の維持管理との区別は極めて重要です。2026年の解釈指針によれば、開発上のマイルストーン、資金調達、スケジュールに関する具体的な表明は、不可欠な経営上の取り組みに該当します。一方、ローンチ後の維持管理、セキュリティパッチの適用、または通常のネットワーク機能の強化はこれに該当しません。

Form TRがSECによって適格と認められると、そのトークンは、証券法または証券取引所法のいずれにおいても、投資契約の対象ではなくなったものとみなされます。この移行により、トークンは事実上SECの管轄から外れ、デジタル・コモディティまたはユーティリティ・ツールとして流通市場のプラットフォームで自由に取引できるようになります。

特に重要なのは、この規則案が、当初の募集とその後の流通市場取引の双方について、州レベルのブルースカイ法の適用除外も定めている点です。この適用除外により、これまで米国のデジタル資産市場を分断する要因となってきた、州ごとに異なる登録手続きに伴う高額なコストや負担が解消されます。なお、この特別な規制枠組みは、暗号資産に関する「対象となる投資契約」にのみ適用される点に留意する必要があります。従来型の株式や社債をトークン化したものについては、引き続き従来の証券規制が全面的に適用されます。さらに、GENIUS法に基づいて定義される決済用ステーブルコインは、独自の連邦規制制度の対象となるため、この枠組みから明確に除外されています。

統合

Regulation Crypto Assetsでは、規則152に定める一般的な統合基準が適用されます。規則152のセーフハーバー規定の概要については、こちらをご覧ください:。また、今回の規則案では規則152も改正し、Regulation Crypto Assetsに基づく免除を利用した募集が、いつ開始されたとみなされ、いつ終了または完了したとみなされるかを明確化することが提案されています。  

トークン募集と従来の免除制度の調和:Regulation DとRegulation Sの併用

Regulation Crypto Assetsは、排他的なセーフハーバーではありません。Regulation Dの規則506(b)および(c)に基づく従来の私募や、Regulation Sの枠組みに基づく米国外での分配は、引き続き主要な資金調達手段として非常に有用です。しかし、従来の免除制度には大きな規制上の負担が伴います。これらの制度に基づいて発行された証券は、規則144に基づく「制限付証券」となり、1年間の強制的なロックアップ期間が課されるため、流動性のある流通市場の形成が妨げられます。さらに、Regulation Dは流通市場での取引について州レベルのブルースカイ法に基づく登録義務を排除しないため、市場参加者は州ごとに異なる複雑な規則に対応しなければなりません。これに対し、Regulation Crypto Assets規則案では、証券法第18条(b)(3)に基づく「適格購入者」の定義が設けられています。この定義により、当初の募集とその後の流通市場での取引の双方について、州レベルの登録義務が適用除外となります。新たな免除制度に基づいて発行されるトークンは制限付証券に該当しないため、発行後直ちに自由に譲渡することができ、ネットワーク効果の形成を促進する上で重要な役割を果たします。これにより、企業の取締役会は、これらの免除制度を段階的に組み合わせて活用することができます。発行者は、まず500万ドルのスタートアップ向けセーフハーバーを利用して開発を開始し、その後、Form 1-CRYPTOを用いたTier 2の資金調達募集へ移行し、最終的には不可欠な経営上の取り組みが終了した時点で、証券としての地位から完全に離脱することができます。別の方法として、発行者は、機関投資家からの資金調達ラウンドにはRegulation Dに基づく私募を利用する一方、規則案の暗号資産に関する枠組みを活用して、譲渡制限のないユーティリティトークンをネットワーク参加者に直接分配することもできます。

ブルースカイ法の適用除外と流通市場インフラ

取引プラットフォームやブローカー・ディーラーにとって、Regulation Crypto Assets規則案は、流通市場の流動性を高める強力な仕組みを導入するものです。1933年証券法第18条(b)(3)の改正案に基づき、SECは、これらの取引を「適格購入者」を対象とする「対象証券」と定義しています。この定義により、当初の募集とその後の流通市場取引の双方について、州レベルの登録および適格性審査要件が事実上適用除外となります。この連邦法による適用除外は大きな節目となるもので、これまでデジタル資産の分配を分断してきた、州ごとに異なる複雑なブルースカイ法上の届出制度を解消するものです。

さらに、この規則案は、代替取引システム(ATS)が証券と従来型とは異なる資産の双方について流通市場での取引を促進し、統合された流動性プールを形成することを奨励することで、市場構造の効率化を図っています。デジタル・コモディティとトークン化された投資契約を単一の取引執行の場で取り扱うことにより、ATSはプロフェッショナル水準の市場効率性を実現することができます。ただし、今回の規則案が対象としていない事項を正確に理解することも重要です。SECは、この規則案において、流通市場プラットフォームが証券取引所法に基づき、ブローカー・ディーラー、代替取引プラットフォーム、または全国証券取引所として登録する必要があるかどうかについては判断していないことを明記しています。その代わり、SECは、ブローカー・ディーラーおよび取引所の登録に関するこれらの問題を、2026年の規制アジェンダにおける別個の規則制定に委ねています。さらに、この枠組みは1940年投資顧問法に基づくいかなる規則も変更するものではないため、登録業者に適用されるカストディおよびマーケティングに関するコンプライアンス要件に変更はありません。

実務上のリスク:ガンジャンピング、悪質行為者規則、UCC第8編

経営幹部やプロジェクト開発者にとって、Regulation Crypto Assets規則案は、早期かつ綿密な計画を必要とする重大な実務上のリスクをもたらします。まず、スタートアップ向け免除におけるガンジャンピングのリスクには、特に注意が必要です。この免除は、EDGARでForm NORを提出した後に行われる取引のみを保護対象としているため、提出前に一般向けのマーケティングや情報発信を行うと、セーフハーバーの適用を受けられなくなる可能性があります。トークンの有用性について時期尚早に投稿したり、プレゼンテーションで説明したりした場合、それが免除対象外の募集とみなされ、キャンペーン全体について証券の取消しに伴う賠償責任が生じる可能性があります。 

次に、規則104案の悪質行為者に関する規定には、Regulation Aの規則262に定める失格基準が取り入れられています。規則の発効日前の行為によって、発行者が自動的に失格となるわけではありませんが、チームは販売前に、そのような事由をすべて各購入者に書面で開示しなければなりません。このデューデリジェンスを適切に実施しなければ、十分な注意を払っていない当事者にとって思わぬ落とし穴となる可能性があります。悪質行為者に関する規則の詳細については、こちらをご覧ください:。 

最後に、トークン発行者は、その技術設計を州レベルのコーポレート・ガバナンスおよび統一商事法典(UCC)第8編に適合させる必要があります。連邦法によってブルースカイ法の適用が除外される場合であっても、所有権の移転を法的に有効なものとするためには、オンチェーン台帳上の記録が各州の法令に基づいて法的拘束力を有するものでなければなりません。

リレーションシップ・パートナー向けアドバイス:新たなライフサイクル規制への対応

上場企業の取締役会やデジタル資産分野のイノベーターに助言する主要なリレーションシップ・パートナーとして、私は、Regulation Crypto Assets規則案の枠組みが極めて大きな構造的機会をもたらすと考えています。SECは、エンフォースメント主導のモデルから、ライフサイクルに沿った規制上の道筋へと移行することで、初期段階の資金調達から証券としての地位から完全に離脱するまでの明確な道筋を示しています。この機会を適切かつ法令に準拠し、効率的に活用するためには、企業経営陣は4つの戦略的な取り組みを実行する必要があります。

第一に、ガンジャンピング違反を防止するため、提出前の情報発信を厳格に管理する体制を構築することです。Form NORを提出する前は、一般向けのプレゼンテーション、ホワイトペーパー、ソーシャルメディア上の発言など、すべての対外的な情報発信を法律顧問が厳格に監督する必要があります。

第二に、規則104に基づく書面による開示要件の対象となり得る悪質行為者に関する事由がないかを確認するため、開発チームについて徹底した経歴調査を実施することです。

第三に、有効かつ法的拘束力のある権利移転を確保するため、基盤となる分散型台帳のアーキテクチャが統一商事法典(UCC)第8編および州レベルの法人登録制度に適合していることを確認することです。

最後に、自社の商品やサービスに直接影響する規定に関して意見を表明するため、60日間のパブリックコメント期間中にSECへ積極的に意見を提出することです。当事務所では、クライアントの戦略的利益を保護するため、当事務所と緊密に連携し、個別に調整した意見書を作成することを推奨しています。こうした積極的な取り組みは、私が2025年6月17日付のブログ(こちらからご覧いただけます)で初めて取り上げたデジタル資産の開示に関する基本原則をさらに発展させ、現代の資本市場において法令に準拠した道筋を確立するものです。

著者

ローラ・アンソニー弁護士

設立パートナー

アンソニー、リンダー&カコマノリス

企業法務および証券法務事務所

LAnthony@ALClaw.com 

証券弁護士ローラ・アンソニー氏とその経験豊富な法律チームは、中小規模の非公開企業、上場企業、そして上場予定の非公開企業に対して継続的な企業顧問サービスを提供しています。ナスダック、NYSEアメリカン、または店頭市場(例えばOTCQBやOTCQX)で上場を目指す企業も対象です。20年以上にわたり、Anthony, Linder & Cacomanolis, PLLC(ALC)は、迅速でパーソナライズされた最先端の法的サービスをクライアントに提供してきました。当事務所の評判と人脈は、投資銀行、証券会社、機関投資家、その他の戦略的提携先への紹介など、クライアントにとって非常に貴重なリソースとなっています。当事務所の専門分野には、1933年証券法の募集・販売および登録要件の遵守(レギュレーションDおよびレギュレーションSに基づく私募取引、PIPE取引、証券トークン・オファリング、イニシャル・コイン・オファリングを含む)が含まれますが、これに限定されません。規制A/A+オファリング、S-1、S-3、S-8フォームの登録申請、S-4フォームによる合併登録、1934年証券取引法の遵守(フォーム10による登録、フォーム10-Q、10-K、8-Kおよび14C情報・14A委任状報告書)、あらゆる形態の株式公開取引、合併・買収(リバースマージャーおよびフォワードマージャーを含む)、ナスダックやNYSEアメリカンを含む証券取引所のコーポレートガバナンス要件への申請および遵守、一般企業取引、一般契約および事業取引が含まれます。アンソニー氏と当事務所は、合併・買収取引において、買収対象企業と買収企業の双方を代理し、合併契約、株式交換契約、株式購入契約、資産購入契約、組織再編契約などの取引文書を作成します。ALC法務チームは、公開企業が連邦および州の証券法やSROs要件に準拠することを支援しており、15c2-11申請、社名変更、リバース・フォワードスプリット、本拠地変更などにも対応しています。アンソニー氏はまた、中堅・中小企業向けの業界ニュースのトップ情報源であるSecuritiesLawBlog.comの著者であり、企業財務に特化したポッドキャスト『LawCast.com: Corporate Finance in Focus』のプロデューサー兼ホストでもあります。当事務所は、ニューヨーク、ロサンゼルス、マイアミ、ボカラトン、ウェストパームビーチ、アトランタ、フェニックス、スコッツデール、シャーロット、シンシナティ、クリーブランド、ワシントンD.C.、デンバー、タンパ、デトロイト、ダラスなど、多くの主要都市でクライアントを代理しています。   

アンソニー氏は、Crowdfunding Professional Association(CfPA)、パームビーチ郡弁護士会、フロリダ州弁護士会、アメリカ弁護士会(ABA)および連邦証券規制やプライベート・エクイティ・ベンチャーキャピタルに関するABA委員会など、さまざまな専門団体のメンバーです。パームビーチ郡およびマーティン郡のアメリカ赤十字社、スーザン・コーメン財団、オポチュニティ社(Opportunity, Inc.)、ニュー・ホープ・チャリティーズ、フォー・アーツ協会(Society of the Four Arts)、ノートン美術館、パームビーチ郡動物園協会、クラヴィス・パフォーミング・アーツ・センターなど、複数の地域社会慈善団体を支援しています。 

アンソニー氏はフロリダ州立大学ロースクールを優秀な成績で卒業しており、1993年から弁護士として活動しています。

Anthony, Linder & Cacomanolis, PLLC にお問い合わせください。技術的な内容に関するご質問もいつでも歓迎いたします。

Anthony, Linder & Read More »

SEC Proposes Regulation Crypto Assets: Chartering A Clear Capital-Raising And Exit Framework For Token Issuers – Part 1

On August 18, 2026, the SEC took its most historic step toward modernizing digital market rules by proposing Regulation Crypto Assets. This landmark proposal establishes a purpose-built federal pathway for token fundraising transactions and a conditional exit from investment contract status. By shifting from a policy of regulation by enforcement to a codified set of exemptions and safe harbors, the SEC has provided clear parameters that public company boards, founders, and advisers need to structure compliant offerings.

The proposed new rules, titled “Regulation Crypto Assets” : (i) establishes a startup registration exemption for certain offers, sales, and other distributions of covered investment contracts during a period of up to four years permitting offerings up to  $5 million over that rolling four-year period; (ii) creates a registration exemption that would permit up to $75 million during each 12 month period, modeled in large part after Regulation A, including with a two tier system; (iii) creates a safe Read More »

SEC、暗号資産に関する規則を提案:トークン発行者の資金調達とイグジットに向けた明確な枠組みを構築 ― パート1

2026年8月18日、米国証券取引委員会(SEC)は、「Regulation Crypto Assets」を提案し、デジタル市場規制の近代化に向けた歴史的な一歩を踏み出しました。この画期的な提案は、トークンによる資金調達取引のために特別に設計された連邦レベルの枠組みを確立するとともに、一定の条件の下で投資契約としての地位から離脱するための道筋を示すものです。SECは、「エンフォースメントによる規制」から、成文化された免除規定およびセーフハーバーへと方針を転換することで、上場企業の取締役会、創業者、アドバイザーがコンプライアンスに則った募集を構築するために必要な明確な基準を示しました。

「Regulation Crypto Assets」と題されたこの新たな規則案は、以下の内容を定めています。(i)対象となる投資契約の一定の募集、販売その他の分配について、最長4年間のスタートアップ登録免除を設け、この4年間のローリング期間中に最大500万ドルの募集を認めること、(ii)12か月間に最大7,500万ドルの募集を認める登録免除を設けること。これは主としてRegulation Aをモデルとしたもので、2段階の制度も含まれます。(iii)「証券」の定義における「投資契約」という用語に該当しないとするセーフハーバーを設けること、および(iv)「適格購入者」を定義し、証券法第18条の州法先占規定が、Regulation Crypto Assetsに基づく募集および販売に加え、一定の二次市場取引にも適用されるようにすること。

ポール・S・アトキンス委員長は、この新たな規則体系を、イノベーションを米国に呼び戻し、同国における資本形成を活性化するための重要な仕組みと位置付けました。デジタルトークンを時代遅れとなったS-1登録要件の対象とするのではなく、SECは、基礎となるブロックチェーン上の資産と、その分配に付随する投資契約を切り分ける、原則に基づく規制体制を提案しています。この待望されていた変更により、発行者にとって法的な道筋が整備される一方、個人投資家については投資額に厳格な上限を設けることで保護を図ります。

本稿のパート1では、暗号資産の分類に関する2025年3月のSECとCFTCによる共同ガイダンスを含め、その背景について詳しく解説します。また、Regulation Crypto Assetsにおける登録免除制度の概要についても説明します。本シリーズのパート2では、新たな免除制度の実務面に焦点を当て、制度の統合に関する事項、二次市場取引、州法の先占について詳しく解説します。

背景 ― 暗号資産の分類に関するSECとCFTCによる3月の共同ガイダンス

この近代化の取り組みは、2025年から2026年初頭にかけて行われた一連の重要な規制措置を受けたものです。まず、2025年4月、SECの企業財務部は、暗号資産市場における有価証券の募集および登録に関する開示について声明を発表しました(詳細については、以前のブログ記事 をご参照ください)。次に、SECとCFTCは3月、「プロジェクト・クリプト」の一環として、暗号資産の分類に関する画期的な共同解釈を公表しました。これについては本稿で詳しく説明します。最後に、規制当局は、ナスダックおよびNYSEによるトークン化された証券の二次市場取引の枠組みを承認しました。

共同解釈(以下「解釈」)では、デジタル資産の特徴や用途に基づいて分類できるよう、市場参加者を支援するため、5つのカテゴリーからなる機能的な分類体系が導入されています。

  • デジタル商品:機能的な暗号資産システムのプログラムによる運用や需給関係によって価値が生じる暗号資産を指し、他者による本質的な経営努力に基づく利益への期待によって価値が生じるものではありません。一般的に「有価証券」には該当しないものとして扱われます。
  • デジタル・コレクティブル:主として個人的な利用や自己表現を目的として取得される資産を指します(例:NFTや、社会的・文化的価値によって動かされる「ミームコイン」)。これらは「有価証券」には該当しないものとして扱われます。
  • デジタル・ツール:一般に「ユーティリティトークン」と呼ばれるもので、会員資格、チケット、証明書などに相当するものをオンチェーン上で表現したものです。金融上の権利ではなく、実用的な機能によって価値が生じます。これらは「有価証券」には該当しないものとして扱われます。
  • ステーブルコイン:米ドルに対して安定した価値を維持するよう設計されたデジタル資産を指します。解釈では、一部のステーブルコインは有価証券に該当する可能性がある一方、「GENIUS法」に基づいて発行される「決済用ステーブルコイン(payment stablecoins)」は、「有価証券」と「商品」のいずれの定義からも明確に除外されるとしています。SECによるステーブルコインに対する見解の詳細については、 をご参照ください。 
  • デジタル証券(トークン化証券):すでに法令上の「有価証券」の定義を満たしている金融商品でありながら、暗号資産として形式化または表象されているものを指します。このカテゴリーは、形式が有価証券としての法的性質を変えるものではないとしたSECの2026年1月の声明を改めて確認するものです。

技術的な詳細:投資契約の転換点

解釈の中心的なテーマの一つは、SECによるハウイ・テストへのアプローチが大きく転換したことです。両当局は、取引に焦点を当てた分析へと軸足を移し、暗号資産はあらゆる状況において「本質的に」有価証券となるものではないことを強調しています。

  • 資産と取引スキームの区別:解釈では、資産そのものと、その資産の募集・販売を区別しています。デジタル商品などの有価証券に該当しない暗号資産も、投資契約の一部として募集・販売される場合に限り、証券法の適用対象となります。これは、購入者が利益を得るために、発行者による本質的な経営努力に合理的に依存する場合です。
  • 有価証券としての地位からの「離脱」:重要なのは、ある資産が投資契約の対象ではなくなる時点について、解釈が道筋を示していることです。これは、発行者による表明や約束が履行または放棄された場合、あるいは購入者がその資産の価値について、発行者による継続的な経営努力に合理的に依存しなくなった場合に生じます。
  • 二次市場における規制上の明確化:両当局は、プライマリー市場で投資契約の一部として販売された有価証券に該当しない資産が、二次市場での取引において必ずしも有価証券として扱われ続けるわけではないことを明確にしました。

マイニング、ステーキング、エアドロップに関するガイダンス

この解釈では、ブロックチェーンにおける一般的な活動について、具体的かつ待望されていた明確化が図られています。

  • マイニングとプロトコル・ステーキング:これらの活動は、一般的に証券法の適用対象外とされています。これは、参加者が他者の努力ではなく、自らの計算能力やステーキングした資産を用いて取引を検証するためです。特定のプロトコル・ステーキング活動に関するSECの見解については、 を、プルーフ・オブ・ワーク型マイニング活動については、t をご参照ください。 
  • エアドロップ:ソフトウェア・アプリケーションの普及や分散化を支援する目的で、対価を伴わずに行われるエアドロップは、通常、有価証券取引とはみなされません。
  • ミームコインとガバナンストークン:保有者が技術的事項について投票できるガバナンストークンや、需給関係によって価値が決まる「ミームコイン」は、明示的に有価証券に該当しない可能性が高いものとして分類されています。

暗号資産の規制

「Regulation Crypto Assets」は、5つのサブパートに分けられます。サブパートAには、Regulation Crypto Assetsに基づくすべての募集に適用される規則が定められており、以下が含まれます。(i)規則100―定義、(ii)規則101―一般規定、(iii)規則102―募集上限額のインフレ調整、(iv)スタートアップ企業向け登録免除および資金調達向け登録免除の双方に適用される開示要件、(v)欠格事由―いわゆる「バッド・アクター」規則。

サブパートBではスタートアップ企業向け登録免除について、サブパートCでは資金調達向け登録免除について詳しく定めています。サブパートDでは投資契約に関するセーフハーバーを、サブパートEでは州法の先占について定めています。  

定義

新規則100では、「Regulation Crypto Assets」にのみ適用される定義を定めています。定義されていない用語については、現行の規則405における定義が適用されます。新たに定められる用語には、以下が含まれます。(i)募集価格総額、(ii)販売総額、(iii)関連暗号資産アプリケーション、(iv)関連暗号資産ネットワーク、(v)営業日、(vi)対象投資契約、(vii)対象取引、(viii)暗号資産、(ix)最終募集回状、(x)関係者、(xi)対象暗号資産。  

すべての定義について詳しく説明することは避けますが、特に注目すべきものは以下のとおりです。

関連暗号資産アプリケーション ― 暗号資産との関係において、関連暗号資産ネットワーク上に展開されるスマートコントラクトその他これに類する実行可能なソフトウェアプログラムを意味します。当該暗号資産は、その中で価値の移転または保存のために使用されるか、あるいは当該暗号資産によってアクセスまたは参加が可能となります。

関連暗号資産ネットワーク ― 暗号資産との関係において、当該暗号資産が生成、ミントまたはマイニングされるブロックチェーンその他これに類する分散型台帳技術ネットワークを意味します。

対象投資契約 ― 投資契約を構成する契約、取引またはスキームを意味します。ただし、当該投資契約は、以下の要件を満たす必要があります。(1)暗号資産が当該投資契約の対象となっていること、(2)当該暗号資産が有価証券ではないこと、(3)当該暗号資産以外の資産(有価証券または有価証券に該当しない資産を含む)が投資契約の対象となっていないこと。この定義は、(1)暗号資産を含む投資契約を対象とする一方、(2)それ自体が有価証券である暗号資産(例:デジタル証券)を含む投資契約を除外し、さらに(3)有価証券に該当しない暗号資産以外の資産を含む投資契約も除外するものです。基礎となるトークンから契約を切り離すことで、SECは「資産と投資契約を別個に捉える」という法理を成文化しました。この法理は、連邦証券法に関する判例法に深く根付いています。ハウイ事件では、オレンジ果樹園そのものは、それ単独では有価証券ではありませんでした。土地の売買契約とサービス契約を併せて捉えることで、投資契約が成立したのです。

対象取引 ― スタートアップ企業向け登録免除に依拠して行われる対象投資契約の募集、販売その他の分配を意味します。これには、以下が含まれますが、これらに限定されません。(1)1回または一連の資金調達取引における対象投資契約の公募または私募(分配を含む)、または(2)関連暗号資産ネットワークもしくは関連暗号資産アプリケーションの過去または将来の利用の対価として、これを認識して、もしくはその利用を促すインセンティブとして、または関連暗号資産ネットワークもしくは関連暗号資産アプリケーションの運営、ガバナンスもしくはセキュリティ確保に主として関連する活動への報酬もしくはインセンティブとして、1回または一連の取引において行われる対象投資契約の公募または私募(分配および「エアドロップ」と呼ばれる取引を含む)。明確にしておくと、「対象取引」という用語は、スタートアップ企業向け登録免除の文脈においてのみ適用されます。

暗号資産 ― 暗号学的に保護された分散型台帳に記録される価値のデジタル表象を意味します。

関係者 ― 創業者、プロモーター、従業員、関連会社、ならびに発行者の取締役、役員、受託者、コンサルタント、請負業者またはアドバイザーである者を含み、いずれの場合もその近親者を含みます。

対象暗号資産 ― 対象投資契約の対象となっている暗号資産を意味します。

スタートアップ企業向け登録免除:初期段階のプロジェクトに4年間の資金調達期間を提供

初期段階のプロジェクトについて、今回の規則案では、1933年証券法に新たに設ける規則に基づくスタートアップ企業向け登録免除制度を創設します。この非独占的なセーフハーバーにより、発行者または開発者グループは、上記で定義した「対象投資契約」について、ローリング4年間で最大500万ドルを調達できるようになります。SECは、この規制上の猶予を設けることで、チームが公開報告義務の全面的な負担を負う前に、技術開発を進めるための十分な時間を確保することを意図しています。

新規則200(a)では登録免除制度を創設し、規則200(b)ではその条件として、(i)4年間の有効期間、(ii)発行者の適格性、(iii)同一または実質的に類似する暗号資産についての1回限りの利用、(iv)募集上限額(500万ドル)、(v)開示および提出要件、(vi)一般的条件を定めています。規則200(c)では、様式NORの提出要件を定めています。規則200(d)では、開示情報をウェブサイト上で公開し、定期的に更新することを義務付けています。最後に、規則200(e)では、募集完了時に様式TRを提出することを義務付けており、いかなる場合も、様式NORの提出から4年以内に提出しなければならないとしています。

発行者の適格性を広く認めている点は、この登録免除制度の重要な特徴です。資金調達向け登録免除制度とは異なり、発行者は米国内の法人である必要はなく、個人、パートナーシップ、さらには正式な法人格を持たない開発チームであっても対象となります。投資家が十分に保護され、また、こうした個人または事業体からなるグループの各構成員が規則案に基づく責任を認識することを確保するため、グループの各構成員(または各構成員を代表して権限を付与された者)は、登録免除制度への依拠に関する通知および移行報告書に署名し、それらに基づく証明書を提出することが求められます。グループの各構成員は、登録免除制度の条件を満たす責任を個別に、かつ連帯して負うことになります。

スタートアップ企業向け登録免除制度を利用するためには、発行者は3つの主要な条件を満たす必要があります。

第一に、プロジェクトは、プロモーション活動または販売を開始する前に、EDGARシステム上で様式NOR(依拠通知書)を提出しなければなりません。この通知は、対象取引が開始されることを一般に知らせるための簡易な届出です。様式NORには、(i)発行者に関する情報、(ii)暗号資産の名称、(iii)開示情報を掲載するウェブサイト、(iv)様式NORに記載された情報が真実、完全かつ正確であること、および発行者が、様式NORの提出日から4年以内に、対象投資契約に基づき投資家に対して行うと表明または約束した本質的な経営努力を遂行する意思があることについての証明が含まれます。

第二に、開発チームは、一般に公開されたウェブサイト上で、説明形式の開示情報を無料で公表しなければなりません。この制度では、監査済み財務諸表の提出は求められません。その代わり、規則案103では、10の項目について原則に基づく開示を義務付けています。具体的には、投資契約の条件、募集の詳細、対象暗号資産の仕様、経営陣および関係者、関連ネットワークまたはアプリケーションの構造、セキュリティ監査およびソースコードの公開状況、トークンの経済設計および配分、ガバナンス上の権利、より広範なエコシステム、ならびに詳細なリスク要因が含まれます。

第三に、一般勧誘が認められ、開発者がプロジェクトを広く市場に向けて宣伝できる一方、SECは投資家保護のため厳格な投資上限を設けています。非適格投資家である個人は、単一のプロジェクトについて、年間所得または純資産のいずれか大きい方の10%を超える額を投資することはできません。事業体についても同様に、年間収益または純資産を基準として10%の上限が設けられています。

重要なのは、この登録免除制度に基づいて販売されるトークンが、連邦法上、譲渡制限のない有価証券として扱われる点です。これにより、トークンは直ちに自由に取引できるようになり、規則144に基づく通常の1年間の保有期間制限を回避できます。また、この登録免除制度は、対象となる取引を広くカバーしています。具体的には、エアドロップ(受領者に一定の条件を満たすことを求める場合。例えば、特定の作業の実施やサービスの購入など)、ステーキングやガバナンスに伴う分配、ガス代としての支払い、テスト参加に対する報酬などが含まれます。4年間の期間が終了した時点で、発行者はSECに様式TR(登録免除依拠終了届)を提出し、プロジェクトの開発が完了したか、またはより大規模な資金調達向け登録免除制度へ移行する予定であるかを記載しなければなりません。

資金調達向け登録免除制度:規模に応じた募集と様式1-CRYPTO制度

より多額の資金を必要とするプロジェクト向けに、SECは、上記で定義した「対象投資契約」の募集について、Regulation Aの枠組みを緩やかにモデルとした専用の資金調達向け登録免除制度を提案しています。この制度は、以下の2つのティアに分かれています。

ティア1では、発行者は12か月間に最大2,000万ドルを調達できます。このティアでは、監査済み財務諸表の提出は義務付けられていないため、中規模のプロジェクトにとって魅力的な選択肢となります。

ティア2では、12か月間に最大7,500万ドルの募集が認められ、Regulation A+の上限額と同額となっています。この規模の募集における投資家保護のため、SECはティア2の発行者に監査済み財務諸表の提出を義務付けています。

スタートアップ企業向けの制度とは異なり、資金調達向け登録免除制度には厳格な適格要件が設けられています。発行者は米国内の事業体であり、執行役員または取締役の過半数が米国市民または米国居住者であること、資産の50%超が米国内に所在すること、そして事業の主要な運営が米国内で行われていることが求められます。ブランクチェック・カンパニー、登録投資会社、事業開発会社、および過去5年以内に証券法第12条(j)に基づく命令の対象となった発行者は、この制度の対象外となります。

さらに、両ティアとも、EDGARシステムを通じて様式1-CRYPTOによる募集届出書を正式に提出することが求められます。この様式には、スタートアップ企業向け登録免除制度と同様の原則に基づく説明形式の開示に加え、発行者の財務状況に関する説明が含まれます。SEC職員による募集届出書の審査および適格化が完了するまで、販売を行うことはできません。この手続きは、Regulation Aにおける適格化手続きに準じたものです。発行者は、適格化に先立ち、拘束力のない購入意思を募る「テスト・ザ・ウォーターズ」を行うことが認められています。

さらに、資金調達向け登録免除制度に依拠する発行者は、市場に継続的に情報を提供するため、定期的な報告を継続して行うことが求められます。この継続的な開示制度では、会計年度末から120日後に様式1-KCによる年次報告を提出し、90暦日以内に様式1-SCによる半期報告を提出するとともに、重要な事象が発生した場合には、4営業日以内に様式1-UCによる臨時報告を提出することが求められます。

非適格投資家には、スタートアップ企業向け制度と同じ10%の投資上限が適用されます。このように、規模に応じた透明性の高い枠組みを提供することで、この登録免除制度は、成熟したプロジェクトが多額の資金を公募により調達し、適切かつ法令に準拠した形で事業を進めることを可能にします。

著者

ローラ・アンソニー弁護士

設立パートナー

アンソニー、リンダー&カコマノリス

企業法務および証券法務事務所

LAnthony@ALClaw.com 

証券弁護士ローラ・アンソニー氏とその経験豊富な法律チームは、中小規模の非公開企業、上場企業、そして上場予定の非公開企業に対して継続的な企業顧問サービスを提供しています。ナスダック、NYSEアメリカン、または店頭市場(例えばOTCQBやOTCQX)で上場を目指す企業も対象です。20年以上にわたり、Anthony, Linder & Cacomanolis, PLLC(ALC)は、迅速でパーソナライズされた最先端の法的サービスをクライアントに提供してきました。当事務所の評判と人脈は、投資銀行、証券会社、機関投資家、その他の戦略的提携先への紹介など、クライアントにとって非常に貴重なリソースとなっています。当事務所の専門分野には、1933年証券法の募集・販売および登録要件の遵守(レギュレーションDおよびレギュレーションSに基づく私募取引、PIPE取引、証券トークン・オファリング、イニシャル・コイン・オファリングを含む)が含まれますが、これに限定されません。規制A/A+オファリング、S-1、S-3、S-8フォームの登録申請、S-4フォームによる合併登録、1934年証券取引法の遵守(フォーム10による登録、フォーム10-Q、10-K、8-Kおよび14C情報・14A委任状報告書)、あらゆる形態の株式公開取引、合併・買収(リバースマージャーおよびフォワードマージャーを含む)、ナスダックやNYSEアメリカンを含む証券取引所のコーポレートガバナンス要件への申請および遵守、一般企業取引、一般契約および事業取引が含まれます。アンソニー氏と当事務所は、合併・買収取引において、買収対象企業と買収企業の双方を代理し、合併契約、株式交換契約、株式購入契約、資産購入契約、組織再編契約などの取引文書を作成します。ALC法務チームは、公開企業が連邦および州の証券法やSROs要件に準拠することを支援しており、15c2-11申請、社名変更、リバース・フォワードスプリット、本拠地変更などにも対応しています。アンソニー氏はまた、中堅・中小企業向けの業界ニュースのトップ情報源であるSecuritiesLawBlog.comの著者であり、企業財務に特化したポッドキャスト『LawCast.com: Corporate Finance in Focus』のプロデューサー兼ホストでもあります。当事務所は、ニューヨーク、ロサンゼルス、マイアミ、ボカラトン、ウェストパームビーチ、アトランタ、フェニックス、スコッツデール、シャーロット、シンシナティ、クリーブランド、ワシントンD.C.、デンバー、タンパ、デトロイト、ダラスなど、多くの主要都市でクライアントを代理しています。   

アンソニー氏は、Crowdfunding Professional Association(CfPA)、パームビーチ郡弁護士会、フロリダ州弁護士会、アメリカ弁護士会(ABA)および連邦証券規制やプライベート・エクイティ・ベンチャーキャピタルに関するABA委員会など、さまざまな専門団体のメンバーです。パームビーチ郡およびマーティン郡のアメリカ赤十字社、スーザン・コーメン財団、オポチュニティ社(Opportunity, Inc.)、ニュー・ホープ・チャリティーズ、フォー・アーツ協会(Society of the Four Arts)、ノートン美術館、パームビーチ郡動物園協会、クラヴィス・パフォーミング・アーツ・センターなど、複数の地域社会慈善団体を支援しています。 

アンソニー氏はフロリダ州立大学ロースクールを優秀な成績で卒業しており、1993年から弁護士として活動しています。

Anthony, Linder & Cacomanolis, PLLC にお問い合わせください。技術的な内容に関するご質問もいつでも歓迎いたします。

Anthony, Linder & Cacomanolis, PLLC を Read More »

Rule 144 – A Deep Dive – Part 3 – Current Public Information

In this third installment of my series on Rule 144, I will begin discussing the various conditions for the use of the Rule, including the current public information requirement.  In the first installment, I provided a high-level review of Rule 144 – see HERE and in the second, discussed definitions including the impactful “affiliate” definition – see HERE.

Conditions for Use of Rule 144

                General

As set out in the first blog in this series, Rule 144 provides certain conditions that must be met by selling affiliates and selling non-affiliates which conditions vary depending on whether the Issuer of the securities is a reporting or non-reporting company and whether the Issuer or ever has been a shell company.  The high-level Rule 144 requirements for non-affiliates include: (i) holding period; (ii) availability of current public information; and (iii) no shell status ineligibility.  The high-level Rule 144 requirements for affiliates (i.e. holders of control securities) include: (i) holding Read More »

SEC Statements On Capital Markets Amid Covid-19

On June 25, 2020, SEC Chair Jay Clayton gave testimony before the Investor Protection, Entrepreneurship and Capital Markets Subcommittee of the U.S. House Committee on Financial Services on the topic of capital markets and emergency lending in the Covid-19 era.  The next day, on June 26, Chair Clayton, William Hinman, Director of the Division of Corporation Finance, Dalia Blass, Director of the Division of Investment Management and Brett Redfearn, Director of the Division of Trading and Markets issued a public statement on the same topic but expanded to include efforts to ensure the orderly function of U.S. capital markets.

Chair Clayton Testimony

Chair Clayton breaks down his testimony over five topics including: (i) market monitoring and regulatory coordination; (ii) guidance and targeted assistance and relief; (iii) investor protection, education and outreach efforts; (iv) ongoing mission-oriented work; and (v) the SEC’s fiscal-year 2021 budget request.

Market Monitoring and Regulatory Coordination

Despite the extraordinary volumes and volatility we have seen Read More »

SEC Enacts Temporary Expedited Crowdfunding Rules

Following the April 2, 2020 virtual meeting of the SEC Small Business Capital Formation Advisory Committee in which the Committee urged the SEC to ease crowdfunding restrictions to allow established small businesses to quickly access potential investors (see HERE), the SEC has provided temporary, conditional expedited crowdfunding access to small businesses.  The temporary rules are intended to expedite the offering process for smaller, previously established companies directly or indirectly affected by Covid-19 that are seeking to meet their funding needs through the offer and sale of securities pursuant to Regulation Crowdfunding.

The temporary rules will provide eligible companies with relief from certain rules with respect to the timing of a company’s offering and the financial statements required.  To take advantage of the temporary rules, a company must meet enhanced eligibility requirements and provide clear, prominent disclosure to investors about its reliance on the relief. The relief will apply to offerings launched between May 4, 2020 and August 31, Read More »

Small Business Advocate Urges Capital Raising Relief

On March 4, 2020, the SEC published proposed rule changes to harmonize, simplify and improve the exempt offering framework.  The proposed rule changes indicate that the SEC has been listening to capital markets participants and is supporting increased access to private offerings for both businesses and a larger class of investors.  Together with the proposed amendments to the accredited investor definition (see HERE), the new rules could have as much of an impact on the capital markets as the JOBS Act has had since its enactment in 2012.

I’ve written a five-part series detailing the rule changes, the first of which can be read HERE.  My plan to publish the five parts in five consecutive weeks was derailed by the coronavirus and more time-sensitive articles on relief for SEC filers and disclosure guidance, but will resume in weeks that do not have more pressing Covid-19 topics.

On April 2, 2020, the SEC Small Business Capital Formation Advisory Committee Read More »

SEC Proposed Rule Changes For Exempt Offerings – Part 1

On March 4, 2020, the SEC published proposed rule changes to harmonize, simplify and improve the exempt offering framework.  The SEC had originally issued a concept release and request for public comment on the subject in June 2019 (see HERE).  The proposed rule changes indicate that the SEC has been listening to capital markets participants and is supporting increased access to private offerings for both businesses and a larger class of investors.  Together with the proposed amendments to the accredited investor definition (see HERE), the new rules could have as much of an impact on the capital markets as the JOBS Act has had since its enactment in 2012.

The June concept release sought public comments on: (i) whether the exemptive framework as a whole is effective for both companies and investors; (ii) ways to improve, harmonize and streamline the exemptions; (iii) whether there are gaps in the regulations making it difficult for smaller companies to raise capital; Read More »

SEC Small Business Advocate Releases First Annual Report

The SEC’s Office of Small Business Advocate launched in January 2019 after being created by Congress pursuant to the Small Business Advocate Act of 2016 (see HERE).  One of the core tenants of the Office is recognizing that small businesses are job creators, generators of economic opportunity and fundamental to the growth of the country, a drum I often beat.  The Office recently issued its first annual report (“Annual Report”).

The Office has the following functions: (i) assist small businesses (privately held or public with a market cap of less than $250 million) and their investors in resolving problems with the SEC or self-regulatory organizations; (ii) identify and propose regulatory changes that would benefit small businesses and their investors; (iii) identify problems small businesses have in securing capital; (iv) analyzing the potential impact of regulatory changes on small businesses and their investors; (v) conducting outreach programs; (vi) identify unique challenges for minority-owned businesses; and (vii) consult with the Investor Read More »

The SEC, FinCEN And CFTC Issue A Joint Statement On Digital Assets

On October 11, 2019 the SEC, FinCEN and CFTC issued a joint statement on activities involving digital assets.  Various agencies have been consistently working together, with overlapping jurisdiction, on matters involving digital assets and distributed ledger technology.  Earlier, in August, the SEC and FINRA issued a joint statement on the custody of digital assets, including as it relates to broker-dealers and investment advisors (see HERE).

The purpose of the joint statement is to remind persons engaged in activities involving digital assets of their anti-money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) obligations under the Bank Secrecy Act (BSA).  AML/CFT obligations apply to entities that the BSA defines as “financial institutions,” such as futures commission merchants and introducing brokers obligated to register with the CFTC, money services businesses (MSBs) as defined by FinCEN (for more information on MSBs see HERE), and broker-dealers and mutual funds obligated to register Read More »

The SEC’s 2018 Flex Regulatory Agenda

In December 2017, the SEC posted its latest version of its semiannual regulatory agenda and plans for rulemaking with the U.S. Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs. Prior to issuing the agenda, SEC Chair Jay Clayton had promised that the SEC’s regulatory agenda’s would be “more realistic” and he seems to have been true to his word.

The agenda is separated into two categories: (i) Existing Proposed and Final Rule Stages; and (ii) Long-term Actions. The Existing Proposed and Final Rule Stages are intended to be completed within the next 12 months and Long-term Actions are anything beyond that. The semiannual list published in July 2017 only contained 33 legislative action items to be completed in a 12-month time frame, and the newest list is down to 26 items, whereas the prior fall 2016 list had 62 items.

The Unified Agenda of Regulatory and Deregulatory Actions

The Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, which is an executive office of the Read More »

The Treasury Department Report To The President On Capital Markets

In October 2017, the U.S. Department of the Treasury issued a report to President Trump entitled “A Financial System That Creates Economic Opportunities; Capital Markets” (the “Treasury Report”). The Treasury Report was issued in response to an executive order dated February 3, 2017. The executive order identified Core Principles and requested the Treasury Department to identify laws, treaties, regulations, guidance, reporting and record-keeping requirements, and other government policies that promote or inhibit federal regulation of the U.S. financial system in a manner consistent with the Core Principles. In response to its directive, the Treasury Department is issuing four reports; this one on capital markets discusses and makes specific recommendations related to the federal securities laws.

The Core Principles are:

  1. Empower Americans to make independent financial decisions and informed choices in the marketplace, save for retirement, and build individual wealth;
  2. Prevent taxpayer-funded bailouts;
  3. Foster economic growth and vibrant financial markets through more rigorous regulatory impact analysis that addresses systemic risk
Read More »

SEC Issues Whitepaper On Title III Crowdfunding

On February 28, 2017, the SEC released a white paper on Regulation Crowdfunding, which law went into effect on May 16, 2016. Regulation Crowdfunding had been long in the making, with the JOBS Act having been passed on April 5, 2012, and the first set of proposed crowdfunding rules having been published on October 23, 2013. Regulation Crowdfunding provides the rules implementing Section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act of 1933 (the Securities Act). For a summary of Regulation Crowdfunding, see my blog HERE.

From the time the SEC published the final Regulation Crowdfunding rules and regulations on October 30, 2015, the regulatory framework has met with wide criticism. The most commonly repeated issues with the current structure include: (i) the $1 million annual minimum is too low to adequately meet small-business funding needs; (ii) companies cannot “test the waters” in advance of or at the initial stages of an offering; and (iii) companies cannot currently use a Special Purchase Read More »

SEC Completes Inflation Adjustment Under Titles I And III Of The Jobs Act; Adopts Technical Amendments

On March 31, 2017, the SEC adopted several technical amendments to rules and forms under both the Securities Act of 1933 (“Securities Act”) and Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (“Exchange Act”) to conform with Title I of the JOBS Act. On the same day, the SEC made inflationary adjustments to provisions under Title I and Title III of the JOBS Act by amending the definition of the term “emerging growth company” and the dollar amounts in Regulation Crowdfunding.

Title I of the JOBS Act, initially enacted on April 5, 2012, created a new category of issuer called an “emerging growth company” (“EGC”). The primary benefits to an EGC include scaled-down disclosure requirements both in an IPO and periodic reporting, confidential filings of registration statements, certain test-the-waters rights in IPO’s, and an ease on analyst communications and reports during the EGC IPO process. For a summary of the scaled disclosure available to an EGC as well as the differences in Read More »

Credit Cards & Crowdfunding – Some Considerations

The industry, at long last, has a credit card processor willing to service equity and debt crowdfunding. As portals, brokers and other people jump to do this, I want to take a moment to discuss a few things.

WHO: the credit card company only wants to sign “platforms”, as the underwriting process for a single small issuer is just too much and not worth their time. This means brokers, funding portals, and platforms who bring on numerous offerings per year. NOTE THAT THE PLATFORM IS THE “MERCHANT”, not the issuer (critical point, as I’ll discuss below).

FUNDS LANDING: Unless you are a trust company, bank or $250,000 net-cap broker-dealer you cannot touch the money that investors send. This means that your escrow relationship will need to accommodate you, as the merchant, delivering funds from investors to the escrow account. This will be enormously complicated for the escrow agent as they will have to be able to sort through the Read More »

House Passes Creating Financial Prosperity For Business And Investors Act

On December 5, 2016, the U.S. House of Representatives passed the Creating Financial Prosperity for Businesses and Investors Act (H.R. 6427) (the “Act”), continuing the House’s pro-business legislation spree. The Act is actually comprised of six smaller acts, all of which have previously been considered and passed by the House in 2016. The Act is comprised of: (i) Title I: The Small Business Capital Formation Enhancement Act (H.R. 4168); (ii) Title II: The SEC Small Business Advocate Act (H.R. 3784); (iii) Title III: The Supporting American’s Innovators Act (H.R. 4854); (iv) Title IV: The Fix Crowdfunding Act (H.R. 4855); (v) Title V: The Fair Investment Opportunities for Professionals Experts Act (H.R. 2187); and (vi) Title VI: The U.S. Territories Investor Protection Act (H.R. 5322).

Title I: The Small Business Capital Formation Enhancement Act (H.R. 4168)

This Act requires the SEC to respond to the findings and recommendations of the SEC’s annual Government-Business Forum on Small Business Capital Formation, which Read More »

SEC Modernizes Intrastate Crowdfunding; Amending Rules 147 And 504; Creating New Rule 147A

On October 26, 2016, the SEC passed new rules to modernize intrastate and regional securities offerings. The final new rules amend Rule 147 to reform the rules and allow companies to continue to offer securities under Section 3(a)(11) of the Securities Act of 1933 (“Securities Act”). In addition, the SEC has created a new Rule 147A to accommodate adopted state intrastate crowdfunding provisions. New Rule 147A allows intrastate offerings to access out-of-state residents and companies that are incorporated out of state, but that conduct business in the state in which the offering is being conducted. In addition, the SEC has amended Rule 504 of Regulation D to increase the aggregate offering amount from $1 million to $5 million and to add bad-actor disqualifications from reliance on the rule. Finally, the SEC has repealed the rarely used and now redundant Rule 505 of Regulation D.

Amended Rule 147 and new Rule 147A will take effect on April 20, 2017. Amended Rule Read More »

Title III Crowdfunding

As required by Title III of the JOBS Act, on October 30, 2015, the SEC has published the final crowdfunding rules.  Regulation Crowdfunding has been long in the making, with the JOBS Act having been passed on April 5, 2012, and the first set of proposed crowdfunding rules having been published on October 23, 2013.  The new rules will be effective 180 days after publication, but the forms for registering a funding portal with the SEC will be effective and available January 29, 2016.

The SEC has dubbed the new rules “Regulation Crowdfunding.” Regulation Crowdfunding provides the rules implementing Section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act of 1933 (the Securities Act) and the regulatory framework for registered funding portals and broker-dealers that companies are required to use as intermediaries in crowdfunding offerings.  In addition, Regulation Crowdfunding exempts securities sold under Section 4(a)(g) from the mandatory registration requirements found in Section 12(g) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (“Exchange Act”). Read More »

SEC Advisory Committee On Small And Emerging Companies Recommends Modernizing Rule 147 for Intrastate Crowdfunding Offerings

On September 23, 2015, the SEC Advisory Committee on Small and Emerging Companies (the “Advisory Committee”) met and finalized its recommendation to the SEC regarding the modernization of the Rule 147 Intrastate offering exemption.  The recommendations are focused on facilitating recently enacted and future state-based crowdfunding initiatives.

I have written about the Advisory Committee on numerous occasions, but by way of reminder, the Committee was organized by the SEC to provide advice on SEC rules, regulations and policies regarding “its mission of protecting investors, maintaining fair, orderly and efficient markets and facilitating capital formation” as related to “(i) capital raising by emerging privately held small businesses and publicly traded companies with less than $250 million in public market capitalization; (ii) trading in the securities of such businesses and companies; and (iii) public reporting and corporate governance requirements to which such businesses and companies are subject.”

In formulating its recommendations, the Advisory Committee gave specific consideration to the belief Read More »

Intrastate Crowdfunding Legislation Has Passed in Florida

Florida Has Passed Intrastate Crowdfunding Legislation

As the country waits for the SEC to publish final Title III crowdfunding rules as required by the JOBS Act, states continue to enact and introduce state-specific crowdfunding legislation.   As of today, it is unclear when the final federal rules will be released and passed into law though SEC Chair Mary Jo White has publicly stated on several occasions that it will be this year.  Upon passage of the final rules, there will be a period of ramping up time in which crowdfunding portals complete the process of registering with the SEC, becoming members of FINRA and completing the necessary steps to ensure that their portal operates in compliance with the final rules.  Federal crowdfunding is coming, but it is a slow process.

Florida is the newest state to pass intrastate crowdfunding legislation.  The new Florida Intrastate Crowdfunding Exemption takes effect October 1, 2015. As a Florida resident, I have a personal Read More »

SEC Issues Advertising Guidance Related to State-Specific Crowdfunding

ABA Journal’s 10th Annual Blawg 100

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As required by Title III of the JOBS Act, on October 23, 2013, the SEC published proposed crowdfunding rules.  The SEC has dubbed the new rules “Regulation Crowdfunding.” The entire 584-page text of the rule release is available on the SEC website.  As of today, it is unclear when final rules will be released and passed into law and what changes those final rules will have from the proposed rules.  Moreover, upon passage of the final rules, there will be a period of ramping-up time in which crowdfunding portals complete the process of registering with the SEC, becoming members of FINRA and completing the necessary steps to ensure that their portal operates in compliance with those final rules.  Federal crowdfunding is coming, but it is a slow process.

In the meantime, several states have either enacted or introduced state-specific crowdfunding legislation.

Federal Authority for State Crowdfunding Legislation

Both the federal government Read More »

Crowdfunding Using Intrastate Offerings and Rule 147 – Is Florida Next?

As required by Title III of the JOBS Act, on October 23, 2013, the SEC published proposed crowdfunding rules.  The SEC has dubbed the new rules “Regulation Crowdfunding.” The entire 584-page text of the rule release is available on the SEC website. The proposed rules invite public comment on many points and have indeed resulted in such comments.  As of today, it is unclear when final rules will be released and passed into law and what changes those final rules will have from the proposed rules.  Moreover, upon passage of the final rules, there will be a period of ramping up time in which crowdfunding portals complete the process of registering with the SEC, becoming members of FINRA and completing the necessary steps to ensure that their portal operates in compliance with those final rules.  Federal crowdfunding it coming, but it is a slow process.

In the meantime, many states have recently either enacted or introduced state-specific crowdfunding Read More »

SEC Proposes Rules for Regulation A+

On December 18, 2013, the SEC published proposed rules to implement Title IV of the JOBS Act, commonly referred to as Regulation A+.  The proposed rules both add the new Section 3(b)(2) (i.e., Regulation A+) provisions and modify the existing Regulation A.  This blog is limited to a discussion of the new Regulation A+.

Background

Title IV of the JOBS Act technically amends Section 3(b) of the Securities Act, which up to now has been a general provision allowing the SEC to fashion exemptions from registration, up to a total offering amount of $5,000,000.  Regulation A is and has historically been an exemption created under the powers afforded the SEC by Section 3(b).

Technically speaking, Regulation D, Rule 504 and 505 offerings and Regulation A offerings are promulgated under Section 3(b), and Rule 506 is promulgated under Section 4(a)(2).  This is important because federal law does not pre-empt state law for Section 3(b) offerings, but it does so for Section Read More »

Proposed Crowdfunding Rules – Part IV

As required by Title III of the JOBS Act, on October 23, 2013, the SEC published proposed crowdfunding rules.  The SEC has dubbed the new rules “Regulation Crowdfunding.” The entire text of the rule release is available on the SEC website.  In a series of blogs, I am summarizing the lengthy rule release.  This Part IV of my series continues a discussion of the in-depth disclosure requirements for Issuers for use in their offering statements.  In particular, Parts II and III addressed the Issuer disclosure requirements, other than financial disclosures.  This Part IV in the series discusses Issuer financial disclosure obligations.

Summary Breakdown of Proposed New Rules – Requirements on Issuers

Disclosure Requirements

Pursuant to the CROWDFUND Act as set forth Read More »

Proposed Crowdfunding Rules – Part III

As required by Title III of the JOBS Act, on October 23, 2013, the SEC has published proposed crowdfunding rules.  The SEC has dubbed the new rules “Regulation Crowdfunding.” The entire text of the rule release is available on the SEC website.  In a series of blogs, I am summarizing the lengthy rule release.  This Part III in my series continues a discussion of the in-depth disclosure requirements for Issuers for use in their offering statements.  Part IV will discuss financial disclosure obligations.

Summary Breakdown of Proposed New Rules – Requirements on Issuers

Disclosure Requirements

Pursuant to the CROWDFUND Act as set forth in the JOBS Act, an Issuer who offers or sells securities in a crowdfunding offering must file with the SEC and provide investors and the funding intermediary (whether a funding portal or broker-dealer) and make available to potential investors:

(a) The name, legal status, physical address, and website address of the Issuer (discussed in Part II of Read More »

Proposed Crowdfunding Rules – Part II

As required by Title III of the JOBS Act, on October 23, 2013, the SEC has published proposed crowdfunding rules.  The SEC has dubbed the new rules “Regulation Crowdfunding.” The entire text of the rule release is available on the SEC website.

Background

Crowdfunding generally is where an entity or individual raises funds by seeking small contributions from a large number of people.  The crowdfunder sets a goal amount to be raised from the crowd with the funds to be used for a specific business purpose.  In addition, a crowdfunding campaign allows the crowd to communicate with each other, thus adding the benefit of the “wisdom of the crowd.”  Small businesses can particularly benefit from crowdfunding as they are not limited by Read More »

Proposed Crowdfunding Rules – Part I

As required by Title III of the JOBS Act, on October 23, 2013, the SEC has published proposed crowdfunding rules.  The SEC has dubbed the new rules “Regulation Crowdfunding.” The entire text of the rule release is available on the SEC website.

Background

Crowdfunding generally is where an entity or individual raises funds by seeking small contributions from a large number of people.  The crowdfunder sets a goal amount to be raised from the crowd with the funds to be used for a specific business purpose.  In addition, a crowdfunding campaign allows the crowd to communicate with each other, thus adding the benefit of the “wisdom of the crowd.”  Small businesses can particularly benefit from crowdfunding as they are not limited by restrictions on general solicitation and advertising or purchaser qualification requirements.

Title III of the JOBS Act, called the Crowdfund Act, amends Section 4 of the Securities Act of 1933 (the Securities Act), adding new Section 4(a)(6) to Read More »

State Crowdfunding Using Intrastate Offerings and Rule 147

The SEC has yet to publish proposed rules under Title III of the JOBS Act – the Crowdfunding Act.  The Crowdfunding Act amends Section 4 by of the Securities Act of 1933 (the Securities Act) to create a new exemption to the registration requirements of Section 5 of the Securities Act.  The new exemption allows Issuers to solicit “crowds” to sell up to $1 million in securities as long as no individual investment exceeds certain threshold amounts.

The threshold amount sold to any single investor cannot exceed (a) the greater of $2,000 or 5% of the annual income or net worth of such investor, if their annual income or net worth is less than $100,000; and (b) 10% of the annual Read More »

New SEC Rules Have Eliminated the Prohibition Against General Solicitation and Advertising in Rules 506 and 144A Offerings

In a historic 4-1 vote on July 10, 2013, the SEC has adopted final rules eliminating the prohibition against general solicitation and advertising in Rules 506 and 144A offerings as required by Title II of the JOBS Act.  On the same day, the SEC adopted amendments to Rule 506 to disqualify “felons and bad actors” from participating in Rule 506 offerings.  This blog discusses the rules eliminating the prohibition against general solicitation and advertising.  A separate blog will discuss the felon and bad actor disqualifications.

The SEC has also adopted modifications to Form D to require Issuers to specify if they are conducting an offering that permits general solicitation and advertising and to change the required time of filing the Form D for Read More »

Crowdfunding Using Regulation A? Yes, You Can- Right Now!

As everyone waits for the SEC to begin rule making on Title III of the JOBS Act, a few innovative entrepreneurs are using Regulation A as a vehicle to crowdfund today.Although the procedure, as described in this blog, is not the crowdfunding procedure that will be implemented under Title III of the JOBS Act, it does allow for the use of social media and the Internet to solicit and obtain equity investment funds from the general population including unaccredited investors, of a particular state or states.

Moreover, the laws that allow for this method of fundraising are not new.The vehicle of choice is Regulation A—the existing Regulation A, not the new Regulation A+, which will be implemented under Title IV of the JOBS Act. Using Regulation A to offer securities involves the time and expense of a registered offering; however, the registered securities are free trading and may be offered to unaccredited investors.Regulation A does not preempt state Read More »

NASDAQ To Acquire Sharepost And Create The NASDAQ Private Exchange

NASDAQ acquires Sharepost

On Wednesday March 6, 2013, NASDAQ surprised the small cap and investment community when it announced it is acquiring Sharepost’s private company market place (PCMP) exchange and rebranding it the Nasdaq Private Exchange.

In December, 2011, I wrote a few blogs on PCMPs.  A PCMP is a trading platform, such as SharePost or SecondMarket that provides a market place for illiquid restricted securities, such as private company securities, 144 stock, debt instruments, warrants, and the like or alternative assets.  It is on a PCMP that pre-IPO Facebook, Groupon and LInkedin received their trading start.  Following the IPO of these large entities, and in particular Facebook, traffic and use of PCMP sites declines, but NASDAQ clearly believes the decline is temporary, and I agree.

Private Company Market Places

Each PCMP offers a fully automated back office, documentation, escrow, transfer and settlement support. Users open trading accounts, like they would with any other broker dealer.  The PCMP provider collects Read More »

Implementation Of The Elimination Of The Prohibition Against Advertising For Private Accredited Investor Offerings And The Crowdfunding Act, Continues To Be Delayed

The annual “SEC Speaks” conference, in which Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) representatives review the agency’s efforts over the past year and preview the year to come, was held on February 22-23, 2013.

During the conference the SEC laid out the numerous items on its agenda for the year to come and beyond.  The list included the careful implementation of the various titles of the JOBS Act, including Title II and Title III.

Title II of the JOBS Act provides that the SEC will amend Section 4(2) of the Securities Act of 1933 and Regulation D promulgated there under, to eliminate the prohibition on general solicitation and general advertising in a Rule 506 offering, so long as all purchasers in such offering are accredited investors.  Although on August 29, 2012 the SEC published proposed rules implementing Title II, those rules have been met with numerous comments and opposition and it is entirely unclear how the SEC shall proceed.  Read More »

Mary Schapiro to Be Replaced By Elisse Walter as Head of SEC

President Obama has chosen Elise Walter to temporarily head the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) when Mary Schapiro steps down next month.  With Mary Schapiro leaving and Walter, a current commissioner stepping up, the SEC will be run by only one acting chairman and two other commissioners.  This means that the already delayed rule making for both the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform Act and the Jumpstart our Business Startups Act (JOBS) are likely to be further delayed.

The already taxed SEC will be headed by a small and temporary team.  Accordingly, it is the popular belief among experts that rule making will continue at a snail’s pace and that no major reform or policy changes should be expected.

Ms. Walter was originally appointed to the SEC by President George W. Bush in 2008 and has worked alongside Mary Schapiro both at the SEC and FINRA prior to both joining the SEC.  Moreover, Walter served as acting chairman after the departure Read More »

CROWDFUNDING FROM A TO Z

As the expected deadline for the SEC to publish rules and regulations enacting the Crowdfunding Act (Title III of the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (JOBS Act)) grows nearer, it is a good time for a complete overview of crowdfunding.  New Sections 4(6) and 4A of the Securities Act of 1933 codify the crowdfunding exemption and its various requirements as to Issuers and intermediaries.  The SEC is in the process of drafting the underlying rules and regulations which will implement these new statutory provisions.

A. WHAT IS CROWDFUNDING?

The Crowdfunding Act amends Section 4 of the Securities Act of 1933 (the Securities Act) to create a new exemption to the registration requirements of Section 5 of the Securities Act.  The new exemption allows Issuers to solicit “crowds” to sell up to $1 million in securities as long as no individual investment exceeds certain threshold amounts.

The threshold amount sold to any single investor cannot exceed (a) the greater of $2,000 Read More »

Proposed Rules Eliminating the Prohibition Against General Solicitation and Advertising in Rules 506 and 144A Offerings – Part I

As required by Title II of the JOBS Act, the SEC has published proposed rules eliminating the prohibition against general solicitation and advertising in Rules 506 and 144A offerings.  In a move that is widely supported by legal practitioners, including the Federal Regulation of Securities Committee of the Business Law Section of the American Bar Association, the SEC has proposed simple modifications to Regulation D and Rule 144A mirroring the JOBS Act requirement.  In fact, in the rule release the SEC states that it is “proposing only those rule and form amendments that are, in our view, necessary to implement the mandate” in the JOBS Act.  The entire text of the rule release is available on the SEC website.

This Part I discussed the proposed amendments to Rule 506, Regulation D offerings.

Background

Title II of the JOBS Act, requires the SEC to amend Rule 506 of Regulation D to permit general solicitation and advertising in offerings under Rule Read More »

House Subcommittee Demands Explanation of SEC’s Delayed JOBS Act Rulemaking

Title II of the JOBS Act provides that, within 90 days of the passage of the JOBS Act (i.e. July 5, 2012), the SEC will amend Section 4(2) of the Securities Act of 1933 and Regulation D promulgated there under, to eliminate the prohibition on general solicitation and general advertising in a Rule 506 offering, so long as all purchasers in such offering are accredited investors. However, on June 27, 2012 Mary Schapiro, Securities and Exchange Commission chairman told the House Subcommittee on TARP, Financial Services and Bailouts of Public and Private Programs that the SEC would not meet the 90 day deadline.  At that time, Ms. Schapiro told the U.S. House committee that the SEC expected the rules to be implemented by late summer 2012.

The SEC scheduled a hearing on the general solicitation rules for August 22, 2012, but then rescheduled the hearing for August 29, 2012. The House is not happy with the delay.  In a Read More »

Crowdfunding Direct Public Offerings

Background:

As a reminder, on April 5, 2012 President Obama signed the JOBS Act into law. Part of the JOBS Act is the Crowdfunding Act, the full title of which is the “Capital Raising Online While Deterring Fraud and Unethical Non-Disclosure Act of 2012”. The Crowdfunding Act creates a new exemption to the registration requirements under a newly designated Section 4(6) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.  Although the Crowdfunding Act is, by definition, an exemption from the registration requirements and therefore a new form of private placement, innovative and forward thinking minds have already come up with a method of utilizing the crowdfunding methodology for a public, registered offering.

What is a crowdfunding registered offering:

A crowdfunding registered offering is a combination of direct public offering (DPO) and initial public offering (IPO).  As I have blogged about in the past, a DPO is like an IPO except the Issuing Company does not use an underwriter to Read More »

Regulation A+; A Brief History

Title IV of the JOBS Act – Small Capital Formation – is quickly being called the new Regulation A+.  Title IV of the JOBS Act technically amends Section 3(b) of the Securities Act of 1933, which up to now has been a general provision allowing the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to fashion exemptions from registration, up to a total offering amount of $5,000,000.  The new provision will be Section 3(b)(2) with the old statutory language remaining and being relabeled as Section 3(b)(1).

Technically speaking Regulation D, Rule 504 and 505 offerings and Regulation A offerings are promulgated under Section 3(b) and Rule 506 is promulgated under Section 4(2).  This is important because federal law does not pre-empt state law for Section 3(b) offerings but it does so for Section 4(2) offerings.  The cost of compliance with the various and varied state laws can be prohibitive with an offering limit of $5,000,000.  Moreover, although Regulation A is technically Read More »

What is an Accredited Investor or a Qualified Institutional Investor Anyway?

ABA Journal’s 10th Annual Blawg 100

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Title II of the JOBS Act provides that the SEC will amend Section 4(2) of the Securities Act of 1933 and Regulation D promulgated there under, to eliminate the prohibition on general solicitation and general advertising in a Rule 506 offering, so long as all purchasers in such offering are accredited investors. The JOBS Act directs the SEC to make the same amendment to Rule 144A so long as all purchasers in the Rule 144A offering are qualified institutional buyers.  Neither a Rule 506 offering nor a Rule 144A offering will be considered a public offering (i.e. will lose its exemption) by virtue of a general solicitation or general advertising so long as the issuer has taken reasonable steps to verify that purchasers are either accredited investors or qualified institutional buyers, respectively.  Since it would be impossible to ensure that only accredited investors, or qualified institutional buyers, receive, review or become aware of Read More »

FINRA Seeks Public Comment in Advance of Crowdfunding Rulemaking

The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) has requested public comment and input in advance of preparing and publishing proposed rules related to the Crowdfunding Act.  The scope of the FINRA rules will be written specifically for registered funding portals and although they will need to be complementary to the SEC rules, it is intended that they not be duplicative.  FINRA has set August 31, 2012 as the deadline for receiving comments.

As Related to Registered Funding Portals

Section 302 of the Crowdfunding Act requires that all Crowdfunding offerings be conducted through an intermediary that is a broker dealer or funding portal that is registered with the SEC. Section 304 of the Crowdfunding Act provides that Funding Portals are exempt from the broker dealer registration requirements, as long as they are registered with the SEC as Funding Portals and follow all such registration and ongoing rule and reporting requirements.  In accordance with Section 304, Funding Portals must be “subject Read More »

SEC Still on Track to Meet the 270 Deadline to Enact Crowdfunding Rules

The SEC is still on track and expects to meet the 270 day deadline to draft rules and enact Title III of the JOBS Act creating the new crowdfunding exemption.

As I wrote about before the July 4th holiday, on June 25th, in prepared testimony, Mary Schapiro told a U.S. House oversight panel that certain rule writing deadlines imposed by the JOBS Act “are not achievable.”  In particular, the SEC could not meet the 90 day deadline to amend Section 4(2) of the Securities Act of 1933 and Regulation D promulgated there under, to eliminate the prohibition on general solicitation and general advertising in a Rule 506 offering, so long as all purchasers in such offering are accredited investors. “The 90-day deadline does not provide a realistic timeframe for the drafting of the new rule, the preparation of an accompanying economic analysis, the proper review by the commission, and an opportunity for public input,” she said.

However Read More »

SEC Will Not Meet Deadline to Remove Ban on General Solicitation and Advertising in Private Offerings and Hedge Funds

The SEC won’t make the 90-day deadline to draft rules and enact Title II of the JOBS Act eliminating the ban on advertising and general solicitation for private placements and allowing advertising by hedge funds, Mary Schapiro, Securities and Exchange Commission chairman told a U.S. House oversight panel on June 27, 2012.  In prepared testimony, Mary Schapiro told a U.S. House oversight panel that certain rule writing deadlines imposed by the JOBS Act “are not achievable.”

Title II of the JOBS Act provides that, within 90 days of the passage of the JOBS Act (i.e. July 5, 2012), the SEC will amend Section 4(2) of the Securities Act of 1933 and Regulation D promulgated there under, to eliminate the prohibition on general solicitation and general advertising in a Rule 506 offering, so long as all purchasers in such offering are accredited investors. “The 90-day deadline does not provide a realistic timeframe for the drafting of the new rule, the preparation Read More »

Crowdfunding Act – What about state securities laws?

On April 5, 2012 President Obama signed the JOBS Act into law. Part of the JOBS Act is the Crowdfunding Act, the full title of which is the “Capital Raising Online While Deterring Fraud and Unethical Non-Disclosure Act of 2012”.  The SEC has been mandated with the task of drafting the crowdfunding rules and regulations by early 2013.

Introduction

In addition to federal securities laws, each state has its own securities laws and governing body which oversees and enforces such laws.  The individual state securities statutes are not uniform – every state is different.  However, many aspects of federal securities law pre-empt state securities laws.  This is a major advantage to issuers because abiding by the myriad of disclosure and pre and post-filing requirements of the federal statutes and individual state statutes concurrently is an arduous and expensive effort.

For instance federal law does not pre-empt state law for a Rule 505 offering, but it does for a Rule 506 Read More »

SEC Approves Revision to FINRA Rule Regarding Broker Dealer FINRA Filing Requirements for Private Placement Offerings

On June 7, 2012 the SEC granted accelerated approval to a FINRA rule change regarding broker dealer FINRA filing requirements for activities associated with private placement offerings.  The rule was originally drafted to address disclosures that must be provided to investors prior to an investment and disclosure that must be provided to FINRA following a sale in a private placement, regarding use of proceeds, the amount and type of offering expenses, and all offering related compensation to be paid to placement agents, finders, associated persons and the like.

Summary of Rule Change

FINRA Rule 5123 (Private Placements of Securities) has been amended to require that each FINRA member firm that participates in a private placement of securities file with FINRA a copy of any private placement memorandum (PPM), term sheet, or other offering document used in connection with a sale, within 15 days of the date of the first sale and any material amendment thereto, or provide a notice to Read More »

American Bar Association Comments On Title II Of The JOBS Act

Summary of Title II

Title II of the JOBS Act provides that, within 90 days of the passage of the JOBS Act (i.e. July 5, 2012), the SEC will amend Section 4(2) of the Securities Act of 1933 and Regulation D promulgated there under, to eliminate the prohibition on general solicitation and general advertising in a Rule 506 offering, so long as all purchasers in such offering are accredited investors.  The JOBS Act directs the SEC to make the same amendment to Rule 144A so long as all purchasers in the Rule 144A offering are qualified institutional buyers.  Neither a Rule 506 offering nor a Rule 144A offering will be considered a public offering (i.e. will lose its exemption) by virtue of a general solicitation or general advertising so long as the issuer has taken reasonable steps to verify that purchasers are either accredited investors or qualified institutional buyers, respectively.  Since it would be impossible to ensure that Read More »

Comments In Advance To Rule Making On Elimination On Advertising And Solicitation Ban For Certain Private Offerings

Summary of Title II

Title II of the JOBS Act provides that, within 90 days of the passage of the JOBS Act (i.e. July 5, 2012), the SEC will amend Section 4(2) of the Securities Act of 1933 and Regulation D promulgated there under, to eliminate the prohibition on general solicitation and general advertising in a Rule 506 offering, so long as all purchasers in such offering are accredited investors.  The JOBS Act directs the SEC to make the same amendment to Rule 144A so long as all purchasers in the Rule 144A offering are qualified institutional buyers.  Neither a Rule 506 offering nor a Rule 144A offering will be considered a public offering (i.e. will lose its exemption) by virtue of a general solicitation or general advertising so long as the issuer has taken reasonable steps to verify that purchasers are either accredited investors or qualified institutional buyers, respectively.  Since it would be impossible to ensure that only accredited Read More »

Crowdfunding Intermediaries-Questions

On April 5, 2012 President Obama signed the JOBS Act into law. Part of the JOBS Act is the Crowdfunding Act, the full title of which is the “Capital Raising Online While Deterring Fraud and Unethical Non-Disclosure Act of 2012”.

Intermediary Use and Registration Requirements

Section 302 of the Crowdfunding Act requires that all Crowdfunding offerings be conducted through an intermediary that is a broker dealer or funding portal that is registered with the SEC and a member of a securities organization registered under Section 15A of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.  Currently that securities organization is the SRO, Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA).

The Crowdfunding Act carves out a new class of “broker dealer” called “Funding Portals” that can act as Crowdfunding intermediaries.  Section 304 of the Crowdfunding Act provides that Funding Portals are exempt from the broker dealer registration requirements, as long as they are registered with the SEC as Funding Portals and follow all such Read More »

The JOBS Act IPO On-Ramp

I’ve written extensively on the Crowdfunding Act, or Title III of the Jobs Act, and much less extensively on the other five titles of the Act.  Today’s blog will focus on Title I of the Jobs Act – Reopening American Capital Markets to Emerging Growth Companies.  Several industry types have been referring to Title I as the IPO On Ramp and so will I.

The Jobs Act

The JOBS Act created a new category of companies defined as “Emerging Growth Companies” (EGC).  An EGC is defined as a company with annual gross revenues of less than $1 billion that first sells equity in a registered offering after December 8, 2011.  In addition, an EGC loses its EGC status on the earlier of (i) the last day of the fiscal year in which it exceeds $1 billion in revenues; (ii) the last day of the fiscal year following the fifth year after its IPO; (iii) the date on which it Read More »

Resale of Crowdfunding Securities And An Aftermarket

In accordance with Section 302(e) of the Crowdfunding Act, the securities issued in a crowdfunding offering are restricted securities.  The Crowdfunding Act states that the securities purchased in a crowdfunding offering may not be resold during a one year holding period, beginning on the date of purchase, unless such securities are transferred (A) to the issuer of the securities; (B) to an accredited investor; (C) as part of an offering registered with the SEC; or (D) to a member of the family of the purchaser or the equivalent, or in connection with the death or divorce of the purchaser or other similar circumstance, in the discretion of the SEC.   To a layman this provision may seem straight forward and innocuous enough, it’s not!

SEC Will Need To Draft New Rules

The SEC will need to draft new rules to cover these re-sale restrictions as they do not fit within the parameters of the current rule regarding the resale of restricted Read More »

More Information on Crowdfunding Requirements for Issuers

On April 5, 2012 President Obama signed the JOBS Act into law. Part of the JOBS Act is the Crowdfunding Act, the full title of which is the “Capital Raising Online While Deterring Fraud and Unethical Non-Disclosure Act of 2012”. The Crowdfunding Act, creates a new exemption to the registration requirements under a newly designated Section 4(6) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

On May 23, 2012 I blogged about crowdfunding requirements for Issuers as summarized in the text of the Crowdfunding Act (the “Act”).  This blog continues that discussion providing further information from the Act.

The new crowdfunding exemption allows Issuers to raise up to $1 million in a twelve month period, as long as no individual investment exceeds certain threshold amounts.  The threshold amount sold to any single investor, cannot exceed (a) the greater of $2,000 or 5% of the annual income or net worth of such investor, if their annual income or next worth Read More »

SEC Staff Meeting with National Crowdfunding Association

On May 14, 2012, the SEC staff met with representative of the National Crowdfunding Association to discuss issues regarding the implementation of Title III of the JOBS Act, i.e. the Crowdfunding Act.  The SEC posted a memo on the meeting, which is available for review on the SEC website.  This blog summarizes the memo, which memo was prepared by the National Crowdfunding Association prior to the meeting as an agenda and discussion memo and was subsequently posted on the SEC website, by the SEC.

National Crowdfunding Association Compiles List of Issues and Comments

The National Crowdfunding Association set forth a list of issues and comments on the pending Crowdfunding Act SEC rules and regulations.  Unless otherwise stated, I agree with and support all of the comments and issues discussed by the National Crowdfunding Association.

The issues and comments are summarized as follow:

1.         Investment Limitations.  The crowdfunding exemption allows Issuers to raise up to $1 million in a twelve Read More »

CFIRA Submits Crowdfunding Letter to SEC

The CFIRA (Crowdfund Intermediaries Regulatory Advocates) was established by crowdfunding industry professionals for the purpose of working with the SEC and FINRA on establishing and maintaining crowdfunding rules and industry practices.  As I blogged in the past, I believed at one point, based on news and information released from the CFIRA, that the CFIRA intended to become a self regulatory organization (SRO) and register with the SEC under Section 15A. As of today, it appears that the CFIRA is still working towards the goal of becoming an SRO. In any event, I expect that the CFIRA will be an active participant in the crowdfunding industry and invaluable source of input and information.

CFIRA and the SEC

On May 15, 2012, the CFIRA submitted a comment letter to the SEC regarding the pending Crowdfunding regulations.  The comment letter specifically addressed issues regarding how the general solicitation rules will interact with social media and the internet.  The letter addressed the general solicitation Read More »

Crowdfunding Requirements For Issuers

On April 5, 2012 President Obama signed the JOBS Act into law. Part of the JOBS Act is the Crowdfunding Act, the full title of which is the “Capital Raising Online While Deterring Fraud and Unethical Non-Disclosure Act of 2012”. The Crowdfunding Act, creates a new exemption to the registration requirements under a newly designated Section 4(6) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

The new crowdfunding exemption allows Issuers to raise up to $1 million in a twelve month period, as long as no individual investment exceeds certain threshold amounts.  The threshold amount sold to any single investor, cannot exceed (a) the greater of $2,000 or 5% of the annual income or net worth of such investor, if their annual income or next worth is less and $100,000; and (b) 10% of the annual income or net worth of such investor, not to exceed a maximum $100,000, if their annual income or net worth is more than $100,000.  Read More »

Crowdfunding Intermediaries – SEC Issues Guidance

On April 5, 2012 President Obama signed the JOBS Act into law. Part of the JOBS Act is the Crowdfunding Act, the full title of which is the “Capital Raising Online While Deterring Fraud and Unethical Non-Disclosure Act of 2012”.  The SEC has been mandated with the task of drafting the crowdfunding rules and regulations by early 2013. In addition to fashioning the exemption that will allow companies to raise funds using the Crowdfunding Act, the SEC must also fashion rules to govern the crowdfunding intermediaries that companies will be required to use in the process.

Crowdfunding Intermediaries or Funding portals (the terms are interchangeable) are hurrying up to be ready to implement rules that will be enacted in early 2013 while at the same time, waiting to find out what those rules will be.  On May 7, 2012, the SEC issued limited guidance for crowdfunding intermediaries.  As has been the case since enactment of the JOBS Act, Read More »

SEC Suspends Trading for Record Number of Shell Companies

The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) today suspended the trading in 379 dormant shell companies.  This is the most trading suspensions in a single day in the history of the SEC.  The trading suspensions are part of an SEC initiative tabbed Operation Shell-Expel by the SEC’s Microcap Fraud Working Group.  Each of the companies was a dormant shell that was lacking any and all public disclosures.  That is, each of the companies failed to have adequate current public information available either through the news service on OTC Markets or filed with the SEC via EDGAR.

The federal securities laws allow the SEC to suspend trading in any stock for up to 10 business days. Once a company is suspended from trading, it cannot be quoted again until it provides updated information including complete disclosure of its business and accurate financial statements.  In addition to providing the necessary information, to begin to trade again, a company must enlist a market maker Read More »

NASDAQ Lowers Price Per Share Initial Listing Requirement

The SEC has approved the recent NASDAQ rule change to lower the minimum bid listing requirement from $4.00 to either $2.00 or $3.00 depending on qualification for certain other listing requirements.  The text of the entire new rule is available on the SEC website.

Pursuant to the new rule, a security would qualify for listing on the NASDAQ Capital Market if, for at least five consecutive business days prior to approval, the security has a minimum closing price of:

A. At least $3 per share, if the issuer meets either of the following standards determined as follows:

I. Under the Equity Standard, the Issuer would need to meet, among other things:

(i) stockholders’ equity of at least $5 million;

(ii) market value of publicly held shares of at least $15 million; and

(iii) two year operating history.

II. Under the Net Income Standard, the Issuer would have to meet, among other things:

(i) net income from continuing operations Read More »

THE JOBS ACT IMPACT ON HEDGE FUND MARKETING

On April 5, 2012 President Obama signed the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (JOBS Act) into law.  The other day I blogged about the changes to the general solicitation and advertising rules brought about by the JOBS Act.  Today I am focusing on the impact those rule changes will have on hedgefunds, and in particular, smaller hedgefunds.

Summary of JOBS Act Changes Effecting General Solicitation and Advertising of Private Offerings

Title II of the JOBS Act provides that, within 90 days of the passage of the JOBS Act (i.e. July 5, 2012), the SEC will amend Section 4(2) of the Securities Act of 1933 and Regulation D promulgated there under, to eliminate the prohibition on general solicitation and general advertising in a Rule 506 offering, so long as all purchasers in such offering are accredited investors.  The JOBS Act directs the SEC to make the same amendment to Rule 144A so long as all purchasers in the Rule Read More »

JOBS Act Amendments to General Solicitation and Advertising of Private Offerings

Title II of the JOBS Act provides that, within 90 days of the passage of the JOBS Act (i.e. July 5, 2012), the SEC will amend Section 4(2) of the Securities Act of 1933 and Regulation D promulgated there under, to eliminate the prohibition on general solicitation and general advertising in a Rule 506 offering, so long as all purchasers in such offering are accredited investors.  The JOBS Act directs the SEC to make the same amendment to Rule 144A so long as all purchasers in the Rule 144A offering are qualified institutional buyers.

Neither a Rule 506 offering nor a Rule 144A offering will be considered a public offering (i.e. will lose its exemption) by virtue of a general solicitation or general advertising so long as the issuer has taken reasonable steps to verify that purchasers are either accredited investors or qualified institutional buyers, respectively.  Since it would be impossible to ensure that only accredited investors, or qualified institutional Read More »

At-The-Market Offerings

Anyone that reads the trade journals knows that at-the-market offerings, or ATM’s as they are now known, have recently gained in popularity and are expected to continue to do so.  An ATM is the offering of securities by an Issuer either directly or through an underwriter, which securities are offered and distributed at the existing trading price.  In layman’s terms, an ATM occurs when an already public trading Issuer registers and sells additional securities to the public at the existing trading price, as opposed to a fixed price.  Accordingly, the price that shares sell at in an ATM will vary with the market price on any given day, or even throughout the day.

Under an ATM offering program, an exchange-listed company incrementally sells newly issued shares into the trading market through a designated broker-dealer at prevailing market prices, rather than via a traditional underwritten offering of a fixed number of shares at a fixed price all at once.  To Read More »

Crowdfunding intermediaries- Hurry Up and Wait

On April 5, 2012 President Obama signed the JOBS Act into law. Part of the JOBS Act is the Crowdfunding Act, the full title of which is the “Capital Raising Online While Deterring Fraud and Unethical Non-Disclosure Act of 2012”.  I think the acronym came first, but applaud the creativity.

I have been blogging extensively on the JOBS Act and Crowdfunding Act.  My last blog addressed Herculean effort the SEC must undertake to write the laws and rules which will bring the Crowdfunding Act to fruition by early 2013.  In addition to fashioning the exemption that will allow companies to raise funds using the Crowdfunding Act, the SEC must also fashion rules to govern the funding portals that companies will be required to use in the process.

Funding Portals are popping up everywhere, at least in name and concept.  All of these portals are busy putting together systems internally, but all of those systems are subject to the SEC Read More »

SEC Grapples With Crowdfunding Rulemaking

On April 5, 2012 President Obama signed the JOBS Act into law.

 

The SEC’s Rulemaking Duty

Some of the rules went into effect immediately; others are in the drafting process.   Within 90 days of the signing of the Act (i.e. mid July), the SEC is required to issue enabling rules as to other portions of the Act, including rules related to general solicitation and advertising of accredited investors under Rule 506 of Regulation D. For the SEC that is the easy part.

Finally, the SEC has up to 270 days (beginning of 2013) to release rules relating to the new crowdfunding exemption and crowdfunding platform portal regulations. That will be difficult part.  As a matter of background, the biggest opponents of the crowdfunding bill were the SEC and FINRA.  It is easy to see why, the SEC’s mission, direct from their website is:

“The mission of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission is to protect investors, maintain fair, orderly, Read More »

SEC Issues Guidance on Title 1 of the JOBS Act

On April 5, 2012 President Obama signed the JOBS Act into law.  Some of the rules went into effect immediately; others are busily in the drafting process.   The SEC has begun issuing guidance and it is expected will continue to do so often.

On April 16, 2012, the SEC issued guidance on Title 1 of the JOBS Act.  The full text of this guidance is available on the SEC website.  Title 1 of the JOBS Act provides scaled- down business disclosure for Emerging Growth Companies (EGC’s) effectively treating them as small business issuers.  In particular, EGC’s need only provide two years of audited financials (instead of 3) for a registration of an IPO; are treated as small businesses for the reporting of executive compensation; have no Sarbanes-Oxley Act 404(b) auditor attestation requirements and are able to test the waters with communications to QIB’s and institutional accredited investors prior to an offering.

 

Determining When and If a Company Qualifies As Read More »

Crowdfunding Timing and Investor Protections

On April 5, 2012 President Obama signed the JOBS Act into law.

Some of the rules went into effect immediately, such as the ability of an Emerging Growth Company to file a registration statement and seek confidential treatment during the review process.  For this process the EGC would avail itself of the new Securities Act Section 6(e).  The SEC issued, albeit limited, guidance on this process for EGC’s yesterday, April 10, 2012.

Within 90 days of the signing of the Act (i.e. mid July), the SEC is required to issue enabling rules as to other portions of the Act, including rules related to general solicitation and advertising under Regulation D.  Finally, the SEC has up to 270 days (beginning of 2013) to release rules relating to the new crowdfunding exemption and crowdfunding platform portal regulations.

 

Crowdfunding Has Been Around For Several Years

It seems to many that the JOBS Act appeared, was enacted into law and is zooming forward Read More »

The JOBS Act Is Not Just Crowdfunding

On April 5, 2012 President Obama signed the JOBS Act into law.  In my excitement over this ground-breaking new law, I have been zealously blogging about the Crowdfunding portion of the JOBS Act.  However, the JOBS Act impacts securities laws in many additional ways.  The following is a summary of the many ways the JOBS Act will amend current securities regulations, all in ways to support small businesses.

A.       The New “Emerging Growth Company” Category

The JOBS Act will create a new category of companies defined as “Emerging Growth Companies” (EGC).  An EGC will be defined as a company with annual gross revenues of less than $1 billion, that has been public and reporting for a minimum of five years and whose non-affiliated public float is valued at less than $700 million.  EGC’s will have reduced requirements associated with initial public offerings (IPO’s) and ongoing reporting requirements.  For many purposes, EGC’s will be allowed to use the less Read More »

Crowdfunding Act Signed Into Law

On April 5, 2012 President Obama signed the JOBS Act into law.  In accordance with the JOBS Act requirement that all crowdfunding platforms (i.e. websites and intermediaries)  be a member of a national securities association, the new self regulatory organization (SRO), The Crowdfunding Intermediary Regulatory Association (CFIRA) has already been formed.   The CFIRA will be charged with ensuring investor protection and market integrity.  The CFIRA will have members from crowdfunding investor intermediaries as well as related industries such as venture capital firms.  In addition to regulating its members, the CFIRA will provide investors with information such as learning about crowdfunding and its risks.

Opportunity For All Americans

Crowdfunding provides an opportunity for all Americans, whether accredited or not, and whether connected with an elite investment banking firm or not, to invest small amounts of money in small businesses that they know or just believe in.  Small businesses provide jobs and sometimes small businesses become big businesses.  For the first time Read More »

Crowdfunding 101

As I recently blogged, the President has signed the Jobs Act including the much anticipated Crowdfunding bill.  Crowdfunding is a process whereby companies will be able to raise small amounts of money either directly off their own website or using intermediaries set up for the purpose.  The Securities Act of 1933, as amended, (Securities Act) prohibits the sale or delivery of any security unless such security is either registered or exempt from registration.  Crowdfunding will be an exemption from registration.  The exemption will likely be codified as a new and separate exemption likely under Regulation D and will include an overhaul of the current general provisions of Regulation D found in Rules 501-503.

Crowdfunding Exemption Possibilities

 

The exemption will likely be limited to $1 million in any twelve (12) month period, or up to $2 million if the company provides certain financial disclosure such as audited financial statements.  As proposed, each investor will be limited $10,000 or 10% Read More »

Big Changes Are Coming

I’ve been practicing securities law for 19 years this year (phew!) and for the first time in my career I am excited about changes, big changes, on the horizon for small businesses.  I’m talking about the JOBS Act and its ground breaking crowdfunding bill which has now been signed into law.

A Whole New Exemption

Over the years I have consistently received calls from potential clients that wish to use the exemptions provided for in Regulation D to raise money for small or start up ventures.  Many of these individuals believe, mistakenly, that Regulation D provides them with a method to raise money.  It does not.  Regulation D only lays out rules to follow to utilize an exemption from the registration requirements in the Securities Act of 1933.  These rules include such items as limitations on the dollar amount raised; who you can raise money from, how you can raise money, prohibitions on advertising and solicitation, disclosure documents required, Read More »

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Laura Anthony Esq

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