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SECが発表した、特定プロトコルのステーキング活動に関する声明

2025年5月29日、米国証券取引委員会(SEC)の企業金融部門(Division of Corporation Finance、略称CorpFin)は、特定のプロトコルにおけるステーキング活動に関する声明を発表しました。本声明では、パブリックかつパーミッションレスなネットワークのプログラム的機能と本質的に結びつく暗号資産のステーキングについて説明しています。これらの暗号資産は、当該ネットワークのコンセンサスメカニズムへの参加や、その報酬の取得、あるいはネットワークの技術運用・セキュリティ維持への使用、もしくは維持に対する報酬として得られるものです。声明中では、プルーフ・オブ・ステークを「PoS」、対象ネットワークを「PoSネットワーク」と表記しています。なお、SECは以前にプルーフ・オブ・ワーク(PoW)マイニング活動に関する類似の声明も発表しています。詳細は以下をご参照ください

プロトコル・ステーキン

ネットワークは、仲介者への依存を減らすためにソフトウェア・プログラム(「プロトコル」)に依拠しており、このプログラムにより取引の検証やユーザーへの決済保証が提供されます。各プロトコルには「コンセンサスメカニズム」が組み込まれており、ネットワーク上の無関係なコンピュータ同士がデータや取引内容について合意できるようになっています。パブリックかつパーミッションレスなネットワークでは、ユーザーがネットワークの運用に参加でき、コンセンサスメカニズムに基づき新規取引の検証なども行うことが可能です。

プルーフ・オブ・ステーク(「PoS」)は、コンセンサスに参加する運営者(「ノードオペレーター」)がネットワークに価値を提供していることを保証する手法であり、場合によっては不正行為を行った場合にその価値を没収されることがあります。PoSネットワークでは、ノードオペレーターはネットワークの対象暗号資産(Covered Crypto Asset)をステークする必要があり、ネットワークの基盤ソフトウェアプロトコルにより、新規データブロックの検証およびネットワーク状態の更新をプログラム的に選ばれる仕組みになっています。ステーク中の暗号資産はロックされ、一定期間は移転できません。ノードオペレーターは以下の報酬を得ます:(i)新規発行された暗号資産、(ii)トランザクション手数料の一部(暗号資産で支払われる)、これは取引をネットワークに追加したい当事者から支払われます。

各ネットワークのプロトコルは異なり、ノードオペレーターの選定方法、ステークすべき暗号資産の量および期間、ステーク資産の保管方法、単独ステークかグループステークか、報酬の仕組みなどが異なります。ノードオペレーターがステーク資産をカストディアンに預ける場合、ノードオペレーターは所有権を保持し、カストディアンは当該資産を業務上使用したり、貸出、担保提供、再担保(リヘポテーション)したりすることはできません。

プロトコル・ステーキング活動に関するSECの見解

SECは、プロトコル・ステーキングは証券法(Securities Act)および証券取引法(Securities Exchange Act)に基づく証券の募集や販売には該当しないとしています。したがって、プロトコル・ステーキング活動に参加する者は、SECへの免許取得や登録義務を負う必要はありません。本声明の判断は、ハウィー・テスト(Howey Test)に基づくものです。特に、SECはプロトコル・ステーキングが、他者の起業的・経営的努力によって利益を得ることを期待して行う共通事業への資金投資には該当しないと考えています。

SEC声明で対象とされるプロトコル・ステーキング活動

SECの声明は、以下のプロトコル・ステーキング活動を対象としています。

  • PoSネットワークにおける対象暗号資産のステーキング
  • プロトコル・ステーキングプロセスに関与する第三者(第三者ノードオペレーター、バリデーター、カストディアン、デリゲート、ノミネーターなどの「サービス提供者」を含むがこれに限定されない)による活動、および報酬の獲得・分配に関わる役割
  • 補助的サービスの提供(以下で詳述)

SECの声明で対象となるプロトコル・ステーキングは、以下のタイプに限られます:(i) ソロ・ステーキング、(ii) 第三者との直接的なセルフカストディアル・ステーキング、(iii) PoSネットワーク上でのカストディアル契約によるステーキング。

補助的サービス

許可される補助的サービスには、以下が含まれます:

  • スラッシング補償 – サービス提供者が、スラッシングによる損失からステーキング利用者を補償または賠償するサービス
  • 早期アンボンディング – サービス提供者が、ステーキング期間終了前に暗号資産を所有者に返還できるようにするサービス
  • 報酬の支払いスケジュールや金額の変更 – サービス提供者が、ネットワークの定めるスケジュールとは異なる時期や金額で報酬を提供するサービス
  • 対象暗号資産の集約 – サービス提供者が、複数のノードオペレーターの暗号資産を集約して、プロトコルのステーキング要件を満たすサービス

著者

ローラ・アンソニー弁護士

設立パートナー

アンソニー、リンダー&カコマノリス

企業法務および証券法務事務所

LAnthony@ALClaw.com

証券弁護士ローラ・アンソニー氏とその経験豊富な法律チームは、中小規模の非公開企業、上場企業、そして上場予定の非公開企業に対して継続的な企業顧問サービスを提供しています。ナスダックNYSEアメリカン、または店頭市場(例えばOTCQBOTCQX)で上場を目指す企業も対象です。20年以上にわたり、Anthony, Linder & Cacomanolis, PLLC(ALC)は、迅速でパーソナライズされた最先端の法的サービスをクライアントに提供してきました。当事務所の評判と人脈は、投資銀行、証券会社、機関投資家、その他の戦略的提携先への紹介など、クライアントにとって非常に貴重なリソースとなっています。当事務所の専門分野には、1933年証券法の募集・販売および登録要件の遵守(レギュレーションDおよびレギュレーションSに基づく私募取引、PIPE取引、証券トークン・オファリング、イニシャル・コイン・オファリングを含む)が含まれますが、これに限定されません。規制A/A+オファリング、S-1、S-3、S-8フォームの登録申請、S-4フォームによる合併登録、1934年証券取引法の遵守(フォーム10による登録、フォーム10-Q、10-K、8-Kおよび14C情報・14A委任状報告書)、あらゆる形態の株式公開取引、合併・買収(リバースマージャーおよびフォワードマージャーを含む)、ナスダックNYSEアメリカンを含む証券取引所のコーポレートガバナンス要件への申請および遵守、一般企業取引、一般契約および事業取引が含まれます。アンソニー氏と当事務所は、合併・買収取引において、買収対象企業と買収企業の双方を代理し、合併契約、株式交換契約、株式購入契約、資産購入契約、組織再編契約などの取引文書を作成します。ALC法務チームは、公開企業が連邦および州の証券法やSROs要件に準拠することを支援しており、15c2-11申請、社名変更、リバース・フォワードスプリット、本拠地変更などにも対応しています。アンソニー氏はまた、中堅・中小企業向けの業界ニュースのトップ情報源であるSecuritiesLawBlog.comの著者であり、企業財務に特化したポッドキャスト『LawCast.com: Corporate Finance in Focus』のプロデューサー兼ホストでもあります。当事務所は、ニューヨーク、ロサンゼルス、マイアミ、ボカラトン、ウェストパームビーチ、アトランタ、フェニックス、スコッツデール、シャーロット、シンシナティ、クリーブランド、ワシントンD.C.、デンバー、タンパ、デトロイト、ダラスなど、多くの主要都市でクライアントを代理しています。

アンソニー氏は、Crowdfunding Professional Association(CfPA)、パームビーチ郡弁護士会、フロリダ州弁護士会、アメリカ弁護士会(ABA)および連邦証券規制やプライベート・エクイティ・ベンチャーキャピタルに関するABA委員会など、さまざまな専門団体のメンバーです。パームビーチ郡およびマーティン郡のアメリカ赤十字社、スーザン・コーメン財団、オポチュニティ社(Opportunity, Inc.)、ニュー・ホープ・チャリティーズ、フォー・アーツ協会(Society of the Four Arts)、ノートン美術館、パームビーチ郡動物園協会、クラヴィス・パフォーミング・アーツ・センターなど、複数の地域社会慈善団体を支援しています。

アンソニー氏はフロリダ州立大学ロースクールを優秀な成績で卒業しており、1993年から弁護士として活動しています。

Anthony, Linder & Cacomanolis, PLLC にお問い合わせください。技術的な内容に関するご質問もいつでも歓迎いたします。

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Anthony, Linder & Cacomanolis, PLLCは、本情報を教育目的の一般情報として提供しています。本情報は一般的な内容であり、法的助言を構成するものではありません。さらに、本情報の利用や送受信は、当事務所との弁護士–依頼者関係を成立させるものではありません。したがって、本情報を通じて当事務所と行ういかなる通信も、特権または機密として扱われることはありません。

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SEC Statement On Certain Protocol Staking Activities

On May 29, 2025, the SEC’s Division of Corporation Finance (“CorpFin”) issued a statement on certain protocol staking activities.  In Particular, the statement addresses the staking of crypto assets that are intrinsically linked to the programmatic functioning of a public, permissionless network, and are used to participate in and/or earned for participating in such network’s consensus mechanism or otherwise used to maintain and/or earned for maintaining the technological operation and security of such network.  The statement refers to proof-of-stake as “PoS” and the network as “PoS Networks.”  The SEC previously issued a similar statement on proof-of-work mining activities – see HERE.

Protocol Staking

Networks rely on software programming (“protocols”) to reduce reliance on intermediaries, and which programming verifies transactions and provides settlement assurance to its users.  Each protocol incorporates a “consensus mechanism” to enable unrelated computers on a network to agree on data and transactions on the network.  Public, permissionless networks allow users to

Disclosures On Offerings And Registrations Of Securities In The Crypto Asset Markets

On April 10, 2025, the SEC Division of Corporation Finance (“CorpFin”) issued a statement on disclosurs in offerings and registrations of securities in the crypto asset markets.  This is the third statement issued by CorpFin on various topics dealing with cryptocurrencies and digital assets in a matter of weeks.  For a review of CorpFin’s statement on certain proof of work mining activities see HERE and on stablecoins, see HERE.

The statement is meant to give guidance related to specific disclosure topics when either registering crypto assets or when filing a registration statement for an issuer in the crypto asset business.  The guidance cuts across all Regulation S-K disclosures whether in a Securities Act form (S-1; F-1; etc..) or an Exchange Act form (10-K; 20-F etc..).

Description of Business – Item 101 of Regulation S-K

Item 101 of Regulation S-K – Description of Business – requires an issuer to provide detailed background information material to understanding the general development

SEC Statement On Stablecoins

On April 4, 2025, the SEC’s Division of Corporation Finance (“CorpFin”) issued a statement on stablecoins.  In Particular, the statement addresses stablecoins that are designed to maintain a stable value relative to the United States Dollar (“USD,”) on a one-for-one basis, can be redeemed for USD on a one-for-one basis (i.e., one stablecoin to one USD), and are backed by assets held in a reserve that are considered low-risk and readily liquid with a USD-value that meets or exceeds the redemption value of the stablecoins in circulation (“Covered Stablecoins”).

Stablecoins Generally

A stablecoin is a type of crypto asset designed to maintain a stable value relative to a reference asset, such as USD, another fiat currency, a commodity like gold, or a pool or basket of assets.  Stablecoins usually track with the underlying asset on a one-to-one basis (for example, one stablecoin for $1 USD).  Stablecoins can maintain their value in different ways, including through a set reserve

SEC Statement On Proof-Of-Work Mining Activities

On March 20, 2025, the SEC’s Division of Corporation Finance (“CorpFin”) issued a statement on certain proof-of-work mining activities.  Illustrating CorpFin’s evolving understanding of the digital world, the statement drills down to a very specific aspect of the crypto mining industry.

The CorpFin statement “addresses the mining of crypto assets that are intrinsically linked to the programmatic functioning of a public, permissionless network, and are used to participate in and/or earned for participating in such network’s consensus mechanism or otherwise used to maintain and/or earned for maintaining the technological operation and security of such network.” In the statement, CorpFin refers to these mined crypto assets as “Covered Crypto Assets” and the mining as “Protocol Mining.”

Protocol Mining

Networks utilizing Protocol Mining are governed by computer code eliminating the need for designated trusted intermediaries.  The programmed software enforces certain network rules, technical requirements, and rewards distributions.  Public, permissionless networks allow anyone to participate in the network’s operation, including the validation

SEC Further Expands Ability To File Confidential Registration Statements

The SEC’s Division of Corporation Finance has expanded the ability to file non-public confidential registration statements to include all registration statements.

In 2012, the JOBS Act created a path for emerging growth companies to file draft registration statements (DRS) on a confidential basis when completing an initial public offering.  In 2017 the Division of Corporation Finance expanded the DRS filing option to include all Section 12(b) Exchange Act registration statements (but not 12(g) registrations), all registration statements for initial public offerings, and follow on offerings completed within 12 months of an initial public offering, for all class of issuers.  See – HERE.

On March 3, 2025, the Division of Corporation Finance announced that it has further expanded the ability to utilize a DRS filing to include:

  • Initial registrations under the Exchange Act, including both Sections 12(b) and 12(g) including Forms 8-A, 10, 20-F and 40-F;
  • All Securities Act of 1933 (Securities Act) registration statements regardless of the amount of
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SEC Division Of Corporation Finance Statement On Disclosure Review

On June 24, 2024, Erik Gerding the Director of the SEC’s Division of Corporation Finance made a statement regarding the SEC’s state of disclosure review.  In fiscal year 2023 and continuing into 2024, the top areas of review and comment by the SEC were China-related matters, artificial intelligence, non-GAAP disclosures, management’s discussion and analysis, revenue recognition and financial statement presentation.  In addition, disruptions in the banking industry, cybersecurity risks, the impact of inflation and disclosure related to or as a result of newly adopted rules (such as pay versus performance) are gaining attention by SEC review teams.

The director’s statement gives some insight into the SEC’s focus and serves as a reminder to our clients and us practitioners alike to be sure we are staying abreast of the ever-changing capital markets environment.

China Related Disclosures

A few years ago, the SEC enacted the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act and approved rules implementing same (see HERE).   The SEC continues to

Financial Reporting Manual Updated

On January 30, 2023, the SEC’s Division of Corporation Finance updated its Financial Reporting Manual (“Manual”).  The latest update is dated as of December 31, 2022.  Although we attorneys like to leave the accounting to the accountants, the Financial Reporting Manual is a go to resource for all practitioners and is generally one of the many resources always open on my desktop.

As the preamble to the Manual states, it was originally created as internal guidance to the SEC staff.  In 2008, in an effort to increase transparency of informal staff interpretations, the SEC posted a version of the Manual to its website.  The SEC continues with its usual disclaimers that the manual is not formal guidance and that they can change their interpretations or views at any time, etc.  Regardless, we all use it as a resource and in my years of experience, have never had the SEC take a counter-position to the Manual’s guidance unless there has been

Virtual Annual Meetings

As the Covid-19 pandemic continues to disrupt normal business operations and impede a third proxy/annual meeting season, the SEC has issued guidance regarding compliance with the federal proxy rules for upcoming annual meetings considering health, transportation, and other logistical issues raised by the spread of Covid.  Layering onto the guidance directed at extra-ordinary circumstances is the growing underlying belief that virtual and hybrid meetings are here to stay and public America must navigate a new road map.

SEC Guidance

On January 19, 2022, the SEC Divisions of Corporation Finance (“CorpFin”) and of Investment Management issued guidance related to meeting the requirements of the federal proxy rules for holding annual meetings in light of Covid disruptions.  In addition to the specific guidelines, the SEC strongly encourages all market participants, including broker-dealers, transfer agents, and proxy service providers to be flexible and work collaboratively with one another with the goal of facilitating a company’s obligation to hold an annual meeting.

As I’ve

SEC Announces It Will Not Enforce Amended Rules Governing Proxy Advisors

On June 1, 2021, SEC Chair Gary Gensler and the SEC Division of Corporation Finance issued statements making it clear that the SEC would not be enforcing the 2020 amendments to certain rules governing proxy advisory firms or the SEC guidance on the new rules.

In particular, in July 2020 the SEC adopted amendments to change the definition of “solicitation” in Exchange Act Rule 14a-1(l) to specifically include proxy advice subject to certain exceptions, provide additional examples for compliance with the anti-fraud provisions in Rule 14a-9 and amended Rule 14a-2(b) to specifically exempt proxy voting advice businesses from the filing and information requirements of the federal proxy rules.  On the same day, the SEC issued updated guidance on the new rules.  See HERE for a discussion on the new rules and related guidance.

Like all rules and guidance related to the proxy process, the amendments were controversial with views generally falling along partisan lines.  On June 1, 2021, Chair

SPAC Transactions Continue Amid SEC Cautionary Statements

Since I wrote about the SPAC IPO boom in June 2020 (HERE), the trend has not waned.  However, as soon as celebrities like Jay-Z, Shaquille O’Neal, A-Rod and astronaut Scott Kelly jumped in, I knew the tide was shifting, and recent SEC alerts bring that to light.  To be clear, SPACs have been used as a method for going public for years and will continue to do so in the future.  In fact, I firmly believe that going public through a SPAC will continue and should continue to rival the traditional IPO.  With so much SPAC money available in the market right now (an estimated $88 billion raised in 2021 so far already exceeding the estimated $83.4 billion raised in all of 2020) and the Dow and S&P beating historical records, SPACs are an excellent option as an IPO alternative.

However, SPACs should not be viewed as the trendy investment of the day and both investors and

Intellectual Property And Technology Risks – International Business Operations

In December 2019, the SEC Division of Corporation Finance issued CF Disclosure Guidance: Topic No. 8 providing guidance related to the disclosure of intellectual property and technology risks associated with international business operations.

The global and technologically interconnected nature of today’s business environment exposes companies to a wide array of evolving risks, which they must individually examine to determine proper disclosures using a principles-based approach.  A company is required to conduct a continuing analysis on the materiality of risks in the ever-changing technological landscape to ensure proper reporting of risks.  To assist management in making these determinations, the SEC has issued additional guidance.

The guidance, which is grounded in materiality and a principles-based approach, is meant to supplement prior guidance on technology and cybersecurity matters including the February 2018 SEC statement on public company cybersecurity disclosures (see my blog HERE); Director Hinman’s speech at the 18th Annual Institute on Securities Regulation in Europe in March, 2019; the SEC

An IPO Without The SEC

On January 23, 2019, biotechnology company Gossamer Bio, Inc., filed an amended S-1 pricing its $230 million initial public offering, taking advantage of a rarely used SEC Rule that will allow the S-1 to go effective, and the IPO to be completed, 20 days from filing, without action by the SEC.  Since the government shutdown, several companies have opted to proceed with the effectiveness of a registration statement for a follow-on offering without SEC review or approval, but this marks the first full IPO, and certainly the first of any significant size. The Gossamer IPO is being underwritten by Bank of America Merrill Lynch, SVB Leerink, Barclays and Evercore ISI. On January 24, 2019, Nasdaq issued five FAQ addressing their position on listing companies utilizing Section 8(a).  Although the SEC has recommenced full operations as of today, there has non-the-less been a transformation in the methods used to access capital markets, and the use of 8(a) is just

The SEC Has Provided Guidance On Ether and Bitcoin, Sort Of

On June 14, 2018, William Hinman, the Director of the SEC Division of Corporation Finance, gave a speech at Yahoo Finance’s All Markets Summit in which he made two huge revelations for the crypto marketplace. The first is that he believes a cryptocurrency issued in a securities offering could later be purchased and sold in transactions not subject to the securities laws. The second is that Ether and Bitcoin are not currently securities. Also, for the first time, Hinman gives the marketplace guidance on how to structure a token or coin such that it might not be a security.

While this gives the marketplace much-needed guidance on the topic, a speech by an executive with the SEC has no legal force. As a result, the blogs and press responding to Mr. Hinman’s speech have been mixed. Personally, I think it is a significant advancement in the regulatory uncertainty surrounding the crypto space and a signal that more constructive guidance

The Division of Corporation Finance’s Disclosure Review And Comment Process

Those that regularly read my blog know that I sometimes like to go back to basics. This blog will revisit and discuss the SEC’s Division of Corporation Finance (“CorpFin”) comment and review process. Back in March 2016, I wrote about the SEC comment and review process, including a description of the internal review process, review levels and breakup of industry sector reviewers. That blog can be read HERE.  Since that time, the SEC has eliminated the Tandy Letter requirement. See HERE. Furthermore, on March 22, 2018, CorpFin updated its “Filing Review Process” page on the SEC website.

At the end of each calendar year, the big four accounting firms generally publish studies on CorpFin’s Comment Priorities. Their studies, and other recent publications, uniformly found that the number of comments, especially in a registration process, has dramatically declined.  I have noticed this trend as well in my practice.

Also consistent in reports is a list of recent

What Does The SEC Do And What Is Its Purpose?

As I write about the myriad of constantly changing and progressing securities law-related policies, rules, regulations, guidance and issues, I am reminded that sometimes it is important to go back and explain certain key facts to lay a proper foundation for an understanding of the topics which layer on this foundation. In this blog, I am doing just that by explaining what the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is and its purpose. Most of information in this blog comes from the SEC website, which is an extremely useful resource for practitioners, issuers, investors and all market participants.

Introduction

The mission of the SEC is to protect investors, maintain fair, orderly and efficient markets and facilitate capital formation.  Although each mission should be a priority, the reality is that the focus of the SEC changes based on its Chair and Commissioners and political pressure. Outgoing Chair Mary Jo White viewed the SEC enforcement division and task of investor protection as her

SEC Eliminates The “Tandy Letter”

On October 5, 2016, the SEC Division of Corporation Finance (CorpFin) announced that, effective immediately, it would no longer require companies to include “Tandy” letter representations in comment letter response or registration acceleration requests addressed to the SEC.

Background

Beginning in the 1970s the SEC began to require an affirmative statement from the company acknowledging that the company cannot use the SEC’s comment process as a defense in any securities-related litigation. Named after the first company required to provide the affirmations, this language is referred to as a “Tandy” letter. By 2004 the “Tandy” letter was required in all comment letter responses to the SEC as well as registration acceleration requests. The “Tandy” portion of a response was required to be agreed to by the company itself, so if the response letter was on attorney letterhead, a signature line was required to be included for the company or the company could submit a separate letter. The Tandy language for an

Responding To SEC Comments

Background

The SEC Division of Corporation Finance (CorpFin) reviews and comments upon filings made under the Securities Act of 1933 (“Securities Act”) and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (“Exchange Act”). The purpose of a review by CorpFin is to ensure compliance with the disclosure requirements under the federal securities laws, including Regulation S-K and Regulation S-X, and to enhance such disclosures as to each particular issuer. CorpFin will also be cognizant of the anti-fraud provisions of the federal securities laws and may refer a matter to the Division of Enforcement where material concerns arise over the adequacy and accuracy of reported information or other securities law violations, including violations of the Section 5 registration requirements. CorpFin has an Office of Enforcement Liason in that regard.

CorpFin’s review and responsibilities can be described with one word: disclosure!

CorpFin selectively reviews filings, although generally all first-time filings, such as an S-1 for an initial public offering or Form 10 registration under

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